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Chpt. 5 and 6
Histology and The Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A group of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function is called a(n): | organ |
| The study of tissues is called? | histology |
| List 4 characteristics of epithelial tissues. | 1. Always lines a lumen, 2. Covers the body, 3. Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts & blood vessels inside the body, 4. Always faces an opening |
| Why are keratinized stratified epithelial tissues often shed in sheets rather than individual cells? | because the cells are held together with tight junctions |
| Why is the respiratory tract lined with ciliated epithelial and goblet (mucus secreting) cells? | Mucus serves many functions, including protection against shear stress and chemical damage, and, especially in the respiratory tree, trapping and elimination of particulate matter and microorganisms. |
| Why is pseudostratified epithelium classified as simple? | It is only one layer of cells (even though it looks like more |
| What advantages are given by dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues? | Dense regular tissue is found in the tendons and ligaments. Ligaments tightly bind bones together; resist stress; tendons attach muscle to bones and transfer muscular tension to bones. Dense irregular tissue is durable, hard to tear, withstands stesses |
| List the 6 major categories of connective tissues. | 1) loose connective tissue; 2) adipose tissue; 3) blood; 4) connective tissue proper; 5) cartilage; and 6) bone. |
| A mitotically active (immature) cell that secretes fibers and ground substance is identified by the suffix ________. | blast |
| The cell type found in connective tissue proper is a(n): | fibroblasts |
| The cell type found in cartilage is a(n): | chonroblast |
| The cell type that secretes bone is a(n): | osteoblast |
| What are 3 types of fibers found in connective tissues? | collagenous, reticular, elastic |
| Which tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body? | connective tissue |
| Give 5 functions for connective tissues. | Binding of organs, Support, Physical protection, Immune protection, Movement, Storage, Heat Production, Transport |
| A type of cell junction that forms a complete seal between neighboring cells is a? | tight junction |
| A type of cell junction that forms a water filled pore and allows direct communication between adjacent cells is a? | gap junction |
| A type of cell junction that “snaps” regions of adjacent cells together is a? | desmosome |
| The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is known as? | fibrosis |
| When tissue is damaged blood vessels bleed into the cut. Mast cells release __________ to dilate blood vessels and ___________ blood flow to the area. The increased blood flow brings blood cells, antibodies and ____________________. | histamine, increases, clotting proteins, scab, macrophages, granulation tissue, surface epithelial cells, into the wounded area. |
| Name the 6 Primary Functions for Skin | 1. Protection, 2. Excretion, 3. Sensation, 4. Regulation, 5. Storage, 6. Synthesis |
| Sequentially order the layers of the epidermis (deepest to most superficial) and mark which layers are living tissue versus dead. | s. basale, s. spinosum, s.granulosum, s. lucidum (only in the thicker skin of the palms and soles of the feet) dead, s. corneum (dead) |
| Which epidermal layer is only found in Thick Skin? | s. lucidum |
| What tissue type is the Dermis composed of? | loose connective tissue |
| What is one of the divisions of the dermis, and what is its purpose? | 1. Papillary region, areolar tissue, loosely organized, allows for mobility of white blood cells and other defenses against organisms that get in through breaks in the epidermis |
| What is the other divisions of the dermis, and what is its purpose? | 2. Reticular region, made of dense irregular connective tissue The fibers form a soft skeleton (stroma) |
| What layer resides under the Dermis and what purpose does it serve? | hypodermis, it binds the skin to the underlying tissues, pads the body, serves as an energy reservoir, and provides thermal insulation. |
| Is the hypodermal layer as consistent between individuals as the Epidermal and Dermal layers are? Explain your answer. | no, the amount of subcutaneous fat differs between men and women (about 8% thicker in women than in men). |
| Name five distinct cell types found in the epidermis. | dead keratinocytes, living keratinocytes, dendritic cell, tactile cell, melanocyte, |
| What cells make keratin? | keratinocytes |
| What cell are held together by desmosomes? | keratinocytes |
| What cell are called macrophage? | dendritic (Langerhaus) cells |
| Which cells make melanin? | melanocytes |
| Which cells are touch receptors? | tactile (merkel) cells |
| What cells make up ~25 % of the cells found in the stratum basale? | melanocytes |
| Which stratum of the epidermis or layer of the dermis contain dermal papillae? | Papillary layer |
| Which stratum of the epidermis or layer of the dermis contains an area of rapidly dividing keratinocytes. | s. basale |
| What are the 4 major classes of tissues: | 1. Epithelial, 2. Connective, 3. Nervous, 4. Muscular |
| What is the definition and description of simple squamous epithelial? where is it found? | composed of a single layer of flattened cells each with a somewhat flattened nucleus. Found in the alveoli of the lungs; walls of blood capillaries; mesothelium. Function: diffusion; some secretion |
| What is the definition and description of simple cuboidal epithelial? where is it found? | consists of a single layer of cells squarish in profile. The nucleus of each cell is round and centrally located. Locations: bronchioles; kidney tubules; thyroid and other glands |
| What is the definition and description of simple columnar epithelial? where is it found? | composed of a single layer of tall, thin cells. The nuclei are elongated and located in the basal one-third of the cell. frequently contain mucus-secreting goblet cells. Found in the stomach, intestines, and the uterus function: secretion, absorption |
| What is the definition and description of stratified squamous epithelial? where is it found? | multiple layers of cells with the surface cells flattened and the deeper cells cuboidal. Some are keratinized, meaning that the surface cells have died and are anucleated after secreting the protein keratin. |
| What is the definition and description of stratified cuboidal epithelial? where is it found? | consists of two or more layers of cuboidal cells. Locations: limited, but can be found lining ovarian follicles and the lining of some ducts and glands Functions: lining of ducts Key Features: cuboidal cells near free surface; usually two layers of cells |
| What is the definition and description of stratified columnar epithelial? where is it found? | consists of two or more layers of cells, typically with columnar surface cells resting upon cuboidal basal cells. Loc: limited, and includes small portions of the pharynx and larynx |
| What is the definition and description of transitional epithelium? where is it found? | consists of two or more layers of cells with the basal cells are mostly cuboidal Occasionally binucleated cells are observed near the surface. Locations: limited to structures of the urinary system - ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra |
| What is the definition and description of Pseudostratified columnar epithelial? where is it found? | appears stratified because the nuclei are staggered and appear at many levels. every cell contacts the basement membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium frequently contains goblet cells and cilia. Loc: the lining of the respiratory passages |
| What are the 7 functions of connective tissue? | Binding of organs, Support, Physical and Immune protection, Movement, Storage, Heat production, Transport |
| What are the 4 Types of connective tissue? | Connective Tissue Proper (Fibrous), Cartilage, Bone, Blood |
| What are the 6 cell types of connective tissue proper? | Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Leukocytes, Plasma Cells, Mast Cells, Adipocytes |
| What is the function of Fibroblasts in the connective tissue? | Fibroblasts: most common cell; cell that produces the matrix. |
| What is the function of Macrophages in the connective tissue? | engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, and dead or dying cells of our own body. Arise from monocytes or stem cells. |
| What is the function of Leukocytes in the connective tissue? | WBC's that react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents. |
| What is the function of Plasma Cells in the connective tissue? | turn into plasma cells that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies. |
| What is the function of Mast Cells in the connective tissue? | found alongsideblood vessels, secrete a chemical called heparin that inhibits blood clotting, and one called histamine that increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels. |
| What is the function of Adipocytes in the connective tissue? | fat cells. Appear in small clusters in some fibrous connective tissue. Form adipose tissue. |
| What are the key features of Simple squamous epithelium? | Key Features: single layer of flat cells with flat nucleus; little matrix, free surface |
| What are the key features of Simple Columnar Epithelium | Key Features: single layer of columnar cells; nuclei in a somewhat linear arrangement; may have goblet cells; little matrix |
| Where is stratified squamous epithelial found? What are its key features? | Loc: epidermis, oral cavity, anal canal; protects against abrasion; Key Features: flattened, anucleated cells near free surface; little matrix |
| Where is the function of stratified columnar epithelial? | Functions: a transitional zone between stratified squamous epithelium and simple columnar epithelium or pseudostratified epithelium |
| What are the three types of cartilage? | (a) hyaline cartilage, (b) fibrocartilage, and (c) elastic cartilage. |
| Define cartilage | consists of chondrocytes trapped in cavities called lacunae and surrounded by extracellular matrix made of collagen fibers. Cartilage is avascular; it is frequently surrounded by a layer of dense connective tissue called a perichondrium. |
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? | Locations: fetal skeleton; covering of bones at joints; ends of ribs |
| What is the function of hyaline cartilage? | provides flexible support |
| What are two key features of hyaline cartilage? | glassy appearance; nested chondrocytes in lacunae |
| Describe Areolar connective tissue | consists of a loose arrangement of fibers. It contains collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers. Areolar also has an abundance of ground substance, which appears white in tissue preparations. |
| Where is areloar connective tissue found? | multiple locations including beneath epithelium and mesenteries |
| What is the function of areloar connective tissue? | provides nutrients and support to other tissue types; immune functions |
| What are the key features of areloar connective tissue? | loose appearance, multiple fiber and cell types |
| Describe adipose tissue. | consists of adipocytes, which store fat droplets. The nucleus of the adipocyte is located adjacent to the plasma membrane. |
| Where is adipose tissue found? | Locations: subcutaneous region, bone marrow, and mesenteries |
| What is the function of adipose tissue? | Functions: lipid storage; thermoregulation; protection |
| What are the key features of adipose tissue? | Key Features: cells with nuclei "pushed to the side"; minimal matrix; capillaries may be present |
| Describe reticular connective tissue and give and example of where it if found, what it's function is, and some key features. | Reticular connective tissue consists of branching fibers and fibroblasts. Locations: stroma of spleen, liver, lymph nodes and thymus Function: support Key Features: "network" appearance; fibroblasts and branching reticular fibers |
| Describe dense regular connective tissue and where is it found? | Dense regular connective tissue consists of closely packed parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts interspersed between the fibers. Locations: tendons; ligaments |
| What are some functions of dense regular connective tissue and list some key functions. | Function: strong support Key Features: one fiber type in parallel arrangement; thin fibroblasts; minimal ground substance |
| Describe dense irregular connective tissue and where is it found? | Dense (fibrous) irregular connective tissue is similar to the dense regular connective tissue except that the collagen fibers do not exhibit a consistent pattern. Locations: dermis; sheaths around bones, nerves and cartilages |
| What are some functions of dense irregular connective tissue and list some key | Function: strong support Key Features: thick bundles of fibers with no pattern, minimal ground substance |
| Where is elastic cartilage found? | Locations: outer ear; epiglottis; and eustachian tube |
| What is the function of elastic cartilage and list some of its key features. | Function: flexible support Key Features: single chondrocytes in lacunae; random elastic fibers |
| What is fibrocartilage made of? Where is it found? | Fibrocartilage consists of parallel fibers of collagen fibers with chondrocytes in lacunae interspersed. Locations: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis |
| What is the purpose of fibrocartilage and what are some of its key features? | Function: firm support Key Features: parallel collagen fibers with chondrocytes frequently in alignment |
| What is compact bone tissue? | Compact bone tissue is dense calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye. The structural unit of compact bone is an osteon. |
| Where is compact bone found? | Locations: outer surface and shaft of bone Function: support Key Features: groups of osteons |
| What is blood? What does it consist of? | Blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of a matrix called plasma, cells, and cell fragments referred to as formed elements. 3 types of formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
| What is the most numerous formed element? Describe them? | The RBC’s are the most numerous formed elements. They are anucleated, biconcave, and appear as a doughnut. |
| Are WBC's larger or smaller than RBC's? Describe their nucleus. | The WBC’s are larger but fewer in number than the erythrocytes. The nucleus of the leukocyte is frequently lobed. |
| How are platelets distributed in the blood? | The platelets are cell fragments scattered singly or in clusters. |
| Where is the blood found, what is its purpose, and what are some of its key features? | Locations: within blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), bone marrow, and blood sinuses Functions: transportation, immunity Key Features: erythrocytes with doughnut appearance and leukocytes among clear matrix |
| What are the two parts of nervous tissue? What are the three parts of a neuron? | Nervous tissue consists of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglial cells. Neurons are the functional cells of nervous tissue. They are specialized to transmit electrical signals. Neurons consist of three principal parts: the soma, dendrites, and one axon |
| Describe how the soma and dendrites work together. | The soma contains the nucleus. Extending from the soma are dendrites that receive information and transmit it towards the soma and one axon that transmits information away from the soma. |
| What is the purpose of the glial cells? | Glial cells support neurons. They are smaller and more numerous than neurons. |
| Where is nervous tissue found? What is its function? List some of its key features. | Locations: brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves Functions: detect stimuli, respond, and transmit information to other cells Key Features: few neurons with cytoplasmic extensions and multiple neuroglial cells |
| Describe cardiac muscle tissue. | makes up the majority of the heart. It is involuntary. Cardiac muscle tissue has striations similar to skeletal muscle tissue, but unlike skeletal muscle tissue the cells are shorter, branched, and each cell has one nucleus that is centrally located. |
| How are the cells in cardiac muscle tissue connected? Why? | The cells are joined end to end by junctions called intercalated discs. This facilitates a coordinated contraction (i.e. beating of the heart). |
| Where is cardiac muscle found? What is its function and key features? | Location: heart Function: contraction of heart Key Features: mononucleated cells; striations; intercalated discs; branching |
| Describe bone tissue. What is the bone matrix made of? | Bone tissue consists of bone cells surrounded by extracellular matrix. The bone matrix consists primarily of hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate crystals. |
| Describe the role of the bone matrix. | The bone cells produce the matrix, and become entrapped within the bone matrix. Other bone cells break down the bone matrix so that new matrix can replace the old matrix. |
| What type of cells would you find in bone? | Osteogenic cells; Osteoblasts; Osteocytes; Osteoclasts |
| What are the differences between compact bone and cancellous bone? | Compact bone is more dense and has fewer spaces than cancellous bone. Blood vessels that run parallel to the long axis of the bone are contained within central, or Haversian, canals. |
| what are the haversian canals? What are the concentric lamellae? | Haversian canals are lined with endosteum and contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue. Concentric lamellae are circular layers of matrix that surround a common center, the haversian (central) canal. |
| Describe spongy bone. | Spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae. Between the trabeculae are spaces that in living bone are filled with bone marrow and blood vessels. Spongy bone gets its name from its porous appearance. |
| Define Regeneration | replacement of damaged tissue with new tissue of the original type. |
| Define Fibrosis | replacement of damaged tissue with a fibrous scar tissue rather than by the original tissue type. |
| What is gas gangrene? | necrosis of a wound resulting from infection with certain bacteria. |
| Define necrosis | premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, infection, etc. |
| Define Gangrene | any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply. |
| Define Infarction | sudden death of tissue (i.e. heart muscle, myocardial infarction), occurs when the blood supply is cut off |
| What is a Decubitus ulcer | tissue necrosis that occurs when immobilized people (i.e. hospital bed or wheelchair) get bed sores from continual pressure on the skin |
| Define Apoptosis | programmed cell death. normal death of a cell that has completed its function. cells shrink and are quickly phagocytized by macrophages and other cells. |
| What are 2 types of stem cells? | embryonic and adult |
| Define Hyperplasia | tissue growth through cell multiplication. Most embryonic and childhood growth. |
| Define Metaplasia | A change from one type of mature tissue to another. |
| Define Differentiation | when the unspecialized tissues of the embryo develop into more diverse and specialized tissue. I.e. mesenchyme to muscle |
| Define Neoplasia | the development of a tumor, composed of abnormal, non functional tissue. |
| Define Hypertrophy | the enlargment of pre-existing cells (i.e. exercised muscle growth) |
| What are 3 types of membranes? | Cutaneous Mucous Serous |
| What are the 3 types of intracellular junctions? | Tight Desmosomes Gap |
| Define a tight junction and describe where is it found and what it's purpose is | |
| Define a gap junction and describe where is it found and what it's purpose is | |
| Define a desmosome and describe where is it found and what it's purpose is | snap like cell junction, |
| Describe Skeletal muscle | consists of long, cylindrical parallel cells called muscle fibers that are indirectly attached to bones via tendons. Each muscle fiber contains multiple nuclei that are adjacent to the plasma membrane. |
| What type of tissue contains striations or alternating light and dark bands. | Skeletal muscle |
| Where is skeletal muscle found, what is its function and what are some of its key features? | Location: attached to bone Function: initiation of body movement and locomotion Key Features: parallel cells with striations and multiple nuclei placed adjacent to the plasma membrane |
| What are the two types of involuntary muscle? | Smooth and Cardiac |
| Describe smooth muscle tissue | The cells are short and spindle-shaped. Smooth muscle tissue lacks intercalated discs and striations, which is why it is called smooth. |
| Where is smooth muscle tissue found? | Locations: digestive, respiratory, urinary tracts; blood vessels; uterus |
| What are the functions of smooth muscle tissue? | Functions: movement of substances through an organ; regulates vessel diameter |
| What are the key features of smooth muscle tissue? | Key Features: mononucleated cells; no striations, no intercalated discs |
| What is an endocrine gland? | Ductless gland that secretes a hormone internally, usually into the circulation. |
| What is an exocrine gland? | Gland that secretes to a surface or outward through a duct. |
| What is the purpose of a capsule in a gland? | |
| What are Glands that secrete their products directly into tissue fluids or the blood without ducts called? | endocrine glands. |
| Which glands secrete their products into ducts that open onto internal or external open surfaces? | exocrine glands |
| How are exocrine glands classified | Exocrine glands are classified according to whether the duct system is unbranched (simple) or branched (compound), and according to the distribution of secretory versus ductile epithelium. |
| When are glands considered tubluar? | If the duct and secretory portions are of uniform diameter, the gland is tubular. |
| When is a gland acinar? | when the secretory cells form a dilated sac at the end of the duct |
| Define tubuloacinar | when the secretory cells extend uniformly from the duct then form a sac |
| How are merocrine glands different than apocrine glands? | |
| Where are apocrine glands found? | axillary and mammary regions |
| What is a holocrine gland and give an example of how they work | Their secretory cells disintegrate to release their accumulated product. |
| Give an example of an organ that contains both endocrine and exocrine glands | liver, gonads, pancreas |
| Where would you find unicellular glands? | these are the goblet or intrisinc cells found in the wall of the stomach. |
| What structure divides a gland into lobes? | septa or trabeculae |
| What are lobules | subdivisions within the lobes of a gland (divided by septa) |
| What is the stroma and what is its purpose? | A stroma is the connective tissue framework of a gland, it supports and organizes the gladular tissue. |
| What do the parenchyma cells do? | perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion within a gland, made of simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelia |
| When is an exocrine gland classified as simple? | When is has a single unbranched duct. |
| When is an exocrine gland classified as compound? | When they have a branched duct. |
| What type of secretion does a serous gland produce? | relatively thin, water fluids such as prespiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices. |
| Where are mucous glands found? | in the tongue and roof of the mouth. |
| What do the mucous glands do? | Secrete a glycoprotein called mucin. |
| What is the purpose of mucin? | absorbs water and forms mucus. |
| Where would you find mixed glands | two pairs of salivary glands in the chin |
| What do cytogenic glands do, and where would you find them? | They release whole cells and would be found in the testes and ovaries. |
| How do merocrine glands work? | they have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis. |
| Give some examples of merocrine glands? | tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands |
| How do holocrine glands work? | they accumulate a prodcut and then the entire cell disintegrates so the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell synthesized. |
| Where would you find holocrine glands? | The oil producing glands of the scalp. |
| What is the largest membrane of the body? | the cutaneous membrane (skin) |
| What are two internal membranes? | mucous membrane and serous membrane |
| Where would you find a mucous membrane | lining the passageways that open to the exterior environment: the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. |
| What is the lamina propria? | an areolar connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane, it contains blood vessels, collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and elastic fibers. |
| What do serous membranes do? | produce watery serous fluid |
| Where are serous membranes found? | line the inside of some body cavities and form a smooth outer surface on some of the viscera. The pleurae, pericardium, and peritoneum are serous membranes. |
| what is the simple squamous epithelium that lines the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities called? | mesothelium |
| Where are synovial membranes found and what is their purpose? | they span the gap from one bone to the next and secrete slippery synovial fluid into the joint. |
| Define Atrophy | shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number. results from both normal aging and lack of use. |
| describe elastic cartilage | elastic cartilage contains chondrocytes in lacunae and a matrix of collagen fibers with elastic fibers randomly oriented. |
| What is an osteon? | An osteon consists of osteocytes within lacunae embedded within a matrix arranged in concentric cylinders. |
| what are stem cells? | undifferentiated cells with developmental plasticity |
| What are the two types of stem cells? | embryonic and adult |
| Differentiate between totipoten and pluripotent embroyonic stem cells | totipotent stem cells - it is possible to make any cell type from them. Pluripotent stem cells - specific tissue types only can be made from them. |
| differentiate between multipotent and unipotent adult stem cells. | multipotent - bone marrow producing, several blood cell types. unipotent - only epidermal cells produced. |
| What is the role of mast cells in regenerating | to release histamine. |
| What does blood plasma bring into the wound? | antibodies, clotting proteins, and blood cells. |
| What is the purpose of a blood clot forming in the healing process? | loosely knits the edges of the cut together and interfers with the spread of pathogens from the site of injury into healthy tissues. |
| What do the macrophages do during the healing process | clean up debris by phagocytizing and digesting it. |
| How long will the fibroblastic phase of repair take and when did it begin? | up to two weeks, and about 3-4 days after the cut was received. |
| What is granulation tissue? | the mass that is formed with deeper portions of the clot becomes infiltrated by capilaries and fibroblasts. |
| What causes a scab to fall off? | when surface epithelial cells around the wound multiply and migrate into the wounded area. |
| What are the functions of the skin? | Protection, Excretion, Sensation, Regulation, Storage, Synthesis |
| How does the skin protect our body? | provides resistance to trauma and infection, outer dead layer protects the delicate living tissue from infection and abrasion. |
| What do we excrete through our skin? | salts, wastes, H2O |
| How does our skin communicate sensation? | through nerve endings involved in pain, touch, temperature |
| What does the skin synthesis? | The active form of Vitamin D. |
| What are the 3 major layers of the skin? | Epidermis (keratinized stratified layer), dermis (connective tissue later), and hypodermis (subcutaneous fat layer). |
| What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? | s. basale, s. spinosum, s. granulosum, s. lucidium, s. corneum |
| What are the cell types found in s. basale? | keratinocytes, melaocytes, and merekel cells |
| Define keratinocytes. | majority of cells, they synthesize keratin of the skin. The ones found in s. basale undergo mitosis and produce new epidermal cells. |
| What do melanocytes do? | synthesize the pigment melanin, the keratinocytes pick up the melanin and use it like an umbrella to shield their nucleus. |
| What is the role of tactile (merkel cells)? | few in number, they are the touch receptors, the tactile cell and its dermal nerve fibers are called a tactile (Merkel) disc. |
| Describe the s. spinosum layer. | consists of several layers of keratinocytes. The deepest cells undergo mitosis. |
| What type of cell junctions would you find in the s. spinosum layer? | Desmosomes. |
| What are dendritic (Langerhans) cells? Where would you find them? | found in s. spinosum and s. granulosum. These are macrophages that protects the body against pathogens by capturing foreign matter and “presenting” it to the immune system for response. |
| How many dendritic cells are found in a square millimeter of the epidermis? | 800 |
| Where are dendritic cells made? Where do they end up? | They are made in the bone marrow but migrate to the stratified squamous epithelia or the epidermis, oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina. |
| What does the s. graulosum layer consist of? | two to five layers of flattened keratinocytes. |
| What are keratonhyalin granules? | consist of a protein that combines with the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton and converts tem to keratin. |
| Where is membrane-coating vesicles produced? | in spinosum and granulosum. |
| What do lipid filled membrane-coating vesicles do? | in the graulosum they undergo exocytosis and release a glycolipid that spreads out over the keratinocyte membranes and waterproofs the surface cells of the skin and the deeper layers. |
| Where would you find keratinocyctes packed with eleidin? | s. lucidum |
| Is the s. lucium layer found in thick skin or thin skin? | thick only |
| How many layers of dead, keratinzed cells are found in the s. corneum layer? | ~30 |
| Where are keratinocytes produced? | by mitosis in the s. basale and lower level of the s. spinosum layer. |
| Describe the structure of the dermis. | Finbrous connective tissue, richly endowed with blood vessels and nerve endings. Sweat glands and hair follicles originate here and in hyposdermis. |
| What is the papillary layer of the dermis? | areolar tissue near the dermal papillae. Allows for mobility of WBC’s and other defenses against organisms introduced through breaks in the epidermis. |
| What is the reticular layer? | deeper layer of the dermis, made up of dense irregular connective tissue, provides strength and flexibility. |
| What are the dermal papillae? | the boundary between the epidermis and dermis. Helps resist slippage of the epidermis across the dermis. |
| What are the three pigments responsible for skin color? | Hemoglobin (red pigment of blood cells), Melanin (yellow, brown, and black hues, pigment synthesis stimulated by UV), and Carotene (concentrates in corneum and fat. |
| What are some abnormal skin colors? | Cyanosis, Erythema, Jaundice, bronzing, pallor, albinism, hematoma. |
| Describe cyanosis. | blueness from O2 deficiency in the circulating blood |
| Describe erythema. | redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels (anger, sunburn, embarrassment) |
| Describe Jaundice | yellowing of the skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in the blood (liver disease, newborn jaundice) |
| Describe bronzing | golden-brown color of Addison disease (deficiency of glucorticoid hormone) |
| Describe pallor | pale color from lack of blood flow |
| Define albinism | a genetic lack of melanin |
| What is a hemotoma? | a bruise (visible clotted blood) |
| Explain the ABCD rule for identifying potential melanomas. | Asymmetry, Border irregular, Color mixed, Diameter (>6mm) |
| List three different degrees of burns and what is damaged in each, and whether regeneration is possible. | 1st degree, epidermis only, regeneration possible, 2nd degree, epidermis and part of the dermis, regeneration possible, 3rd degree, epidermis, dermis, and more, no regeneration. |
| What is the difference between an autograft and an isograft? | Skin graft for burn victims, autograft is tissue from the patient, isograft is tissue from an identical twin |
| What is the difference between an allograft and a xenograft? | an allograft is temporary graft from an unrelated person, a xenograft is from another species (i.e. pig). |
| What is the purpose of body hair? | alerts us to insects and things crawling on us. |
| What is the purpose of scalp hair? | retains body heat/provides warmth, protects from UV damage. |
| What do beard, pubic, and axillary hair do? | indicate sexual maturity help distribute sexual scents. |
| What are guard hairs and eyelashes | prevent foreign objects from entering |
| What is the purpose of eyebrows? | express emotions, prevents sweat from entering |
Created by:
SKinnan