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Sociology Ch. 4-7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| socialization | the process by which we learn the ways of society |
| purpose of socialization | establishes our social identity, teaches us role taking, controls our behavior, transmits culture to the next generation |
| the nature-nurture debate | the arguments concerning whether psychological characteristics are biologically innate or acquired through education, experience, and culture |
| importance of nature | Males: Mature slowly+fall ill often; lack self-control+fine-motor skills needed for school; increased risk of having learning and developmental disorders Female: acute sense of smell+taste; likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and eating disorders |
| importance of nurture | * Cross-cultural variations in male violence Reflect cultural laws, practices+other environmental factors Environmental factors can permanently affect child during gestation period Childhood mistreatment damages biological development |
| social learning theories | people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction |
| reinforcement | direct or indirect rewards or punishments for certain behaviors |
| Cooley's Looking Glass Self | a self-image based on how we think others see us |
| Cooley's Self | awareness of one's social identity |
| Mead's "Me" | the sense of self that has been learned from interaction with others |
| Mead's "I" | the part of the self that is spontaneous, impulsive, creative, and unpredictable |
| Mead's 3 stages of self development | 1. Preparatory (Imitation Stage) 2. Play Stage - pretend to be other people 3. Game Stage --formal rules --multiple roles to consider |
| Socialization Agents | the individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us how to participate effectively in society |
| resocialization | the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors |
| total institution | a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff |
| social interaction | the process of acting toward and reacting to people around us |
| social structure | organized pattern of behavior that governs relationships |
| status | a social position that a person holds |
| status set | a collection of social statuses that a person occupies at a given time |
| ascribed status | a social position that a person is born into |
| achieved status | a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort |
| master status | overrides other statuses and forms an important part of a person's social identity |
| status inconsistency | arises from occupying social positions that are ranked differently |
| role | behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
| role performance | the actual behavior of an individual in a role |
| role set | array of roles attached to a particular status |
| role conflict | difficulties in playing two or more contradictory roles |
| role strain | tension among the roles connected to a single status |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | defining something as real and acting on it, making it a reality |
| ethnomethodology | the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life |
| dramaturgical | examines social interaction as if occurring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the audiences with whom they interact |
| social exchange theory | individuals seek through interactions to maximize rewards and minimize costs |
| nonverbal communication | communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech |
| personal space | the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy |
| online interaction | enables users to create, share, and exchange information and ideas |
| primary group | relatively small group of people who engage in face-to-face interaction over an extended period |
| secondary group | a large, usually formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people who pursue a specific goal or activity |
| ideal types | general traits that describe a social phenomenon rather than every case |
| in-groups | members share a sense of identity and belonging that typically excludes and devalues outsiders |
| out-groups | people who are viewed and treated negatively because they're seen as having different characteristics |
| reference group | people who shape our behavior, values, and attitudes |
| dyads | group of two |
| triads | group of three |
| authoritarian | gives orders, assigns tasks, and makes all major decisions |
| democratic | encourages group discussion and incudes everyone in decision making |
| laissez-faire | offers little to no guidance and allows group members to make their own decisions |
| Soloman Asch | demonstrated the power of groups over individuals |
| Stanley Milgram | showed that an astonishingly large proportion of ordinary people obeyed an authority figure's instructions to inflict pain on others |
| Zimbardo | demonstrated the powerful effect of group conformity |
| Janis | cautioned presidents and other heads of state to be wary of "groupthink" |
| social networks | a web of social ties that links individuals or groups to one another |
| formal organizations | a complex and structured secondary group designed to achieve specific goals in an efficient manner |
| utilitarian formal organizations | provides an income or other specific current or future material reward |
| normative formal organization | people join because of shared interests and to pursue personally worthwhile or rewarding goals |
| coercive formal organization | largely involuntary membership |
| bureaucracies | formal organizations designed to accomplish goals and tasks in an efficient and rational method |
| Hawthorne Studies | found that informal groups were vital to a organization's functioning |
| functionalism | social groups and organizations are composed of interrelated dependent parts |
| feminist theories | women are consistently fare worse than men |
| glass ceiling | attitudes or biases that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions |
| social insititutions | organized and established social system that meets one or more of a society's basic needs |
| deviance | violation of social norms |
| crime | violation of society's formal laws |
| uniform crime report | an official measure of crime in the United States |
| National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) | the ongoing victimization study conducted jointly by the Justice Department and the U.S. Census Bureau that surveys victims about their experiences with law violation |
| street crimes | violent and property crimes |
| hate crimes | attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics |
| white-collar crimes | crimes committed by people in the course of their work |
| corporate (organizational) crime | powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good |
| cybercrimes (computer crimes) | illegal activities that are conducted online |
| organized crime | a business supplying illegal goods or services |
| victimless (public order) crimes | illegal acts that have no direct victim |
| dysfunctional deviance | - Creates tension and insecurity, and is expensive - Erodes trust in personal and formal relationships - Decreases confidence in institutions |
| functional deviance | - Affirms cultural norms and values - Provides temporary safety valves and creates social unity - Bolsters the economy and triggers social change |
| anomie | condition in which people are unsure how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms |
| strain theory | Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals |
| patriarchy | a social system where males are primary authority figures, and where fathers hold authority over women and children in a family |
| rape culture | environment in which sexual violence is prevalent, pervasive, and perpetuated by the media and popular culture |
| differential association theory | theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to |
| labeling theory | society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneslef or others as deviant |
| primary deviance | the initial act of rule breaking |
| secondary deviance | rule-breaking behavior adopted in response to other's reactions |
| medicalization of deviance | diagnosing and treating a violation of social norms as a medical disorder |
| social control | the techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society |
| control theory | proposes that deviant behavior decreases when people have strong social bonds with others |
Created by:
nartkece