Question 1

Define "deviance"

Accepted Answer

A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms

Question 2

Differentiate between methods of social control

Accepted Answer

Social control may present itself in the form of getting a speeding ticket for driving too fast, wearing a bathrobe to class and getting a warning from a professor, etc. The goal of social control is to maintain social order

Question 3

From a structural functionalist's perspective, what is a positive contribution of deviance in society?

Accepted Answer

It fosters social change

Question 4

What are positive and negative sanctions?

Accepted Answer

The enforcement of rules. Positive sanctions are rewarded and negative sanctions are frowned upon and/or illegal

Question 5

What are informal sanctions?

Accepted Answer

Social wrongs that are met with disapproval either by verbal disapproval or some other means of disapproval

Question 6

What are formal sanctions?

Accepted Answer

Official ways to recognize and enforce sanctions

Question 7

What is social order?

Accepted Answer

An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives

Question 8

Describe the functionalist view of deviance in society through four sociologist's theories:

Accepted Answer

See next 4 examples:

Question 9

1. Emile Durkheim: The Essential Nature of Deviance (Functionalism)

Accepted Answer

Deviance is functional because it challenges people's present views in society, that in some cases may need to be reevaluated. Also, punishing deviance reaffirms currently held social norms.

Question 10

2. Robert Merton: Strain Theory

Accepted Answer

This theory highlights the fact that everyone want to be successful and achieve goals, but by which means they achieve that is what defines them either by conformity or deviation. See 5 ways people respond to this gap below.

Question 11

3. Social Disorganization Theory (Functionalism)

Accepted Answer

Points to broad social factors as the cause of deviance. Meaning that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control.

Question 12

4. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay: Cultural Deviance Theory (Functionalism)

Accepted Answer

Believed that social disorganization led to high rates of deviance and crime. Also suggests that conformity to the cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime that evolves and is passed down to the next generations.

Question 13

Explain how conflict theory understands deviance and crime in society

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory relates deviance/crime in society to be evidence of inequality in the system, looking for answers to the correlation of gender and race with wealth and crime.

Question 14

Describe the symbolic interactionist approach to deviance, including labeling and other theories

Accepted Answer

This is a theoretical approach used to explain how societies and groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional. See below for these theories such as Labeling theory, differential association, social disorganization theory, and control theory

Question 15

Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 1.) Conformity (Functionalism)

Accepted Answer

Those who conform do not deviate. They pursue their goals to the extent that they can through socially accepted means.

Question 16

Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 2.) Innovation (Functionalism)

Accepted Answer

Those who innovate pursue goals they cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means.

Question 17

Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 3.) Ritualism (Functionalism)

Accepted Answer

People who ritualize lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways. These members of society focus on conformity rather than attaining a distant dream.

Question 18

Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 4.) Retreatism (Functionalism)

Accepted Answer

Others retreat and reject society's goals and means. Some beggars and street people have withdrawn from society's goals of financial success.

Question 19

Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 5.) Rebellion (Functionalism)

Accepted Answer

A handful of people rebel and replace a society's goals and means with their own. Terrorists or freedom fighters look to overthrow a society's goals through socially unacceptable means.

Question 20

Karl Marx: An Unequal System (Conflict theory)

Accepted Answer

Marx though that the bourgeois (wealthy) centralized their power to become more wealthy and influential. These ideas created a foundation for conflict theorists who study the intersection of deviance and crime with wealth and power.

Question 21

Wright Mills: The Power Elite (Conflict theory)

Accepted Answer

An idea that believed that the power elite, or a small group of wealthy and powerful individuals in society (celebs, politicians, executives), uses their power and influence to remain on top while everyone else feels powerless to a biased system.

Question 22

Labeling Theory: (Symbolic Interactionism)

Accepted Answer

The way that society labels individuals 'deviants' by their actions instead of who they actually are, leading the person being labeled to gradually come to believe it themselves.

Question 23

Edwin Sutherland: Differential Association (Symbolic Interactionism)

Accepted Answer

Believes that the deviance of a person is caused directly by their socialization process. It suggests that individuals learn deviant behaviors from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

Question 24

Travis Hirschi: Control Theory (Symbolic Interactionsim)

Accepted Answer

States that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results form a feeling of disconnection from society. People who feel apart of a society are less likely to commit crimes against it.

Question 25

Functionalism: Strain Theory: Robert Merton

Accepted Answer

Deviance arises from a lack of ways to reach socially accepted goals by accepted methods.

Question 26

Functionalism: Social Disorganization Theory: University of Chicago researchers

Accepted Answer

Deviance arises from weak social ties and a lack of social control; society has lost the ability to enforce norms with some groups.

Question 27

Functionalism: Cultural Deviance Theory: Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

Accepted Answer

Deviance arises from conformity to the cultural norms of lower-class society

Question 28

Conflict Theory: Unequal System: Karl Marx

Accepted Answer

Deviance arises from inequalities in wealth and power that arise from the economic system.

Question 29

Conflict Theory: Power Elite: C. Wright Mills

Accepted Answer

Deviance arises from ability of those in power to define deviance in ways that maintain the status quo.

Question 30

Symbolic Interactionism: Labeling Theory: Edwin Lemert

Accepted Answer

Deviance arises from the reactions of others, particularly those in power who are able to determine labels.

Question 31

Symbolic Interactionism: Differential Association Theory: Edwin Sutherlin

Accepted Answer

Deviance arises from learning and modeling deviant behavior seen in other people close to the individual

Question 32

Symbolic Interactionism: Control Theory: Travis Hirschi

Accepted Answer

Deviance arises from feelings of disconnection from society

SOC 220 week 5

Chapters 7 & 8

Question	Answer
Define "deviance"	A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms
Explain the nature of deviant behavior
Differentiate between methods of social control	Social control may present itself in the form of getting a speeding ticket for driving too fast, wearing a bathrobe to class and getting a warning from a professor, etc. The goal of social control is to maintain social order
From a structural functionalist's perspective, what is a positive contribution of deviance in society?	It fosters social change
What are positive and negative sanctions?	The enforcement of rules. Positive sanctions are rewarded and negative sanctions are frowned upon and/or illegal
What are informal sanctions?	Social wrongs that are met with disapproval either by verbal disapproval or some other means of disapproval
What are formal sanctions?	Official ways to recognize and enforce sanctions
What is social order?	An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives
Describe the functionalist view of deviance in society through four sociologist's theories:	See next 4 examples:
1. Emile Durkheim: The Essential Nature of Deviance (Functionalism)	Deviance is functional because it challenges people's present views in society, that in some cases may need to be reevaluated. Also, punishing deviance reaffirms currently held social norms.
2. Robert Merton: Strain Theory	This theory highlights the fact that everyone want to be successful and achieve goals, but by which means they achieve that is what defines them either by conformity or deviation. See 5 ways people respond to this gap below.
3. Social Disorganization Theory (Functionalism)	Points to broad social factors as the cause of deviance. Meaning that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control.
4. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay: Cultural Deviance Theory (Functionalism)	Believed that social disorganization led to high rates of deviance and crime. Also suggests that conformity to the cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime that evolves and is passed down to the next generations.
Explain how conflict theory understands deviance and crime in society	Conflict theory relates deviance/crime in society to be evidence of inequality in the system, looking for answers to the correlation of gender and race with wealth and crime.
Describe the symbolic interactionist approach to deviance, including labeling and other theories	This is a theoretical approach used to explain how societies and groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional. See below for these theories such as Labeling theory, differential association, social disorganization theory, and control theory
Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 1.) Conformity (Functionalism)	Those who conform do not deviate. They pursue their goals to the extent that they can through socially accepted means.
Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 2.) Innovation (Functionalism)	Those who innovate pursue goals they cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means.
Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 3.) Ritualism (Functionalism)	People who ritualize lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways. These members of society focus on conformity rather than attaining a distant dream.
Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 4.) Retreatism (Functionalism)	Others retreat and reject society's goals and means. Some beggars and street people have withdrawn from society's goals of financial success.
Robert Merton: Strain Theory - 5.) Rebellion (Functionalism)	A handful of people rebel and replace a society's goals and means with their own. Terrorists or freedom fighters look to overthrow a society's goals through socially unacceptable means.
Karl Marx: An Unequal System (Conflict theory)	Marx though that the bourgeois (wealthy) centralized their power to become more wealthy and influential. These ideas created a foundation for conflict theorists who study the intersection of deviance and crime with wealth and power.
Wright Mills: The Power Elite (Conflict theory)	An idea that believed that the power elite, or a small group of wealthy and powerful individuals in society (celebs, politicians, executives), uses their power and influence to remain on top while everyone else feels powerless to a biased system.
Labeling Theory: (Symbolic Interactionism)	The way that society labels individuals 'deviants' by their actions instead of who they actually are, leading the person being labeled to gradually come to believe it themselves.
Edwin Sutherland: Differential Association (Symbolic Interactionism)	Believes that the deviance of a person is caused directly by their socialization process. It suggests that individuals learn deviant behaviors from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.
Travis Hirschi: Control Theory (Symbolic Interactionsim)	States that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results form a feeling of disconnection from society. People who feel apart of a society are less likely to commit crimes against it.
Functionalism: Strain Theory: Robert Merton	Deviance arises from a lack of ways to reach socially accepted goals by accepted methods.
Functionalism: Social Disorganization Theory: University of Chicago researchers	Deviance arises from weak social ties and a lack of social control; society has lost the ability to enforce norms with some groups.
Functionalism: Cultural Deviance Theory: Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay	Deviance arises from conformity to the cultural norms of lower-class society
Conflict Theory: Unequal System: Karl Marx	Deviance arises from inequalities in wealth and power that arise from the economic system.
Conflict Theory: Power Elite: C. Wright Mills	Deviance arises from ability of those in power to define deviance in ways that maintain the status quo.
Symbolic Interactionism: Labeling Theory: Edwin Lemert	Deviance arises from the reactions of others, particularly those in power who are able to determine labels.
Symbolic Interactionism: Differential Association Theory: Edwin Sutherlin	Deviance arises from learning and modeling deviant behavior seen in other people close to the individual
Symbolic Interactionism: Control Theory: Travis Hirschi	Deviance arises from feelings of disconnection from society
Identify and differentiate between different types of crimes:
Evaluate U.S. crime statistics:
Understand the three branches of the U.S. criminal justice system:

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