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Chemistry Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| It can be defined as the ability to do work | Energy |
| SI unit of energy | Joules |
| Two main forms of energy | Potential and Kinetic |
| 1 unit of calorie is how many joules | 4.184 J |
| Symbol of speed of light | C |
| Speed of light | 3 x 10^8 m/s |
| The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors. | Potential energy |
| Examples of potential energy | A coiled spring, an archer's bow with the string pulled back, a raised weight, a stretched rubber band |
| the energy that it possesses due to its motion. | Kinetic Energy |
| Examples of Kinetic Energy | An archer's bow with the string being released, a flowing water, a rolling stone |
| 5 types of Kinetic Energy | Mechanical, Electrical, Radiant, Sound, Thermal |
| 4 types of Potential Energy | Chemical, Elastic, Nuclear, Gravitational |
| Examples of mechanical energy | Energy in rotating wheels of a car, rotating motors of washing machine |
| Examples of Electrical Energy | Energy in house appliances such as televisions |
| Examples of Radiant Energy | Energy from the sun |
| Examples of Thermal Energy | Energy from the fire, earth's underground, oven |
| Examples of sound energy | Energy from speakers, car horns, etc |
| Examples of chemical energy | Energy stored on food that is taken |
| Examples of elastic erergy | Energy on stretched rubber bands |
| Examples of nuclear energy | Energy from uranium and other radioactive materials |
| Examples of gravitational energy | Energy on the falling object when dropped |
| Energy from sources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited; renewable resources are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. | Renewable Energy |
| Energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes. | Non-renewable Energy |
| Two sources of energy | Renewable Energy and Non-Renewable Energy |
| Types of Renewable Energy | Geothermal Energy , Solar Energy , Wind Energy , Hydroelectric Energy , Tidal and Ocean Thermal Energy , Wave Energy and Osmotic Power |
| Type of renewable energy that refers to the heat derived within the sub-surface of the earth. | Geothermal Energy |
| The world's largest geothermal power plant under one roof located in Malitbog, Kananga, Leyte, Philippines. | Tongonan Power Plant |
| Type of renewable energy that refers to is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar panel. | Solar Energy |
| Metalloid element found in n-type and p-type | Silicon |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Law of Energy Conservation where energy cannot be created nor destroyed |
| Particles of light | Photon |
| Silicon type that has more electrons and will transfer electrons | N-type |
| Silicon type that has less electrons and will gain electrons | P-type |
| Type of renewable energy that refers to the process of creating electricity using the wind, or air flows that occur naturally in the earth's atmosphere. | Wind Energy |
| Processes of wind energy | 1. Wind turns the turbine blades 2. Spinning the shaft 3. Generating electricity 4. Inverter converts electricity from DC - AC 5. Electricity is connected to mains power or battery or grid lines |
| Type of renewable energy that refers to a form of energy that harnesses the power of water in motion—such as water flowing over a waterfall—to generate electricity | Hydroelectric Energy |
| 3 types of Geothermal Powerplant | Dry steam, flash steam, binary cycle |
| Type of geothermal powerplant which is the oldest form that takes the steam directly | Dry Steam |
| Type of geothermal powerplant that takes high pressure hot water into cool low-pressure environment | Flash Steam |
| Type of geothermal powerplant that includes liquid with low-boiling point such as alcohol | Binary Cycle |
| Characterized by the movements of electrons | Electricity |
| Two types of energy that the ocean can produce | Thermal energy and mechanical energy |
| Ocean thermal energy is harnessed from | Sun's heat on seas |
| Tidal energy is harnessed from | Ocean tides and waves |
| Type of renewable energy that harnesses energy from sun's heat on ocean and tha waves | Tidal and Ocean Thermal Energy |
| Type of energy that is the transport and capture of energy by ocean surface waves. | Wave energy |
| Type of energy that is the energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water. | Osmotic Energy |
| Types of non-renewable energy | Solid Fuels , Crude Oil , Liquid Fuels , Gaseous fuels , Alternative Fuels |
| Type of non-renewable energy that refers to various types of solid material that are used as fuel to produce energy and provide heating, usually released through combustion. | Solid fuels |
| A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called __ seams, mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements; chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. | Coal |
| Types of coal | Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite |
| Type of coal consisting of spongy material formed by the partial decomposition of organic matter, primarily plant material, in wetlands such as swamps, muskegs, bogs, fens, and moors. | Peat |
| Type of coal that is a soft brown coal that still contains a high amount of water, has a higher heat content than peat but is still not the most desired form of coal. However, it makes up almost half of our known coal reserves. | Lignite |
| Type of coal that is formed as more pressure is applied to lignite coal. The greater the pressure applied, the more water is expelled, which increases the amount of pure carbon present and increases the heat content of the coal. | Bituminous |
| Type of coal that is a metamorphic rock and is considered the highest grade coal. It's hard and dark black in color. It has a very light weight when compared to other forms of coal, has the highest heat content. | Anthracite |
| Coal burning and its effects | Releases toxins such as S, Pb, Hg and As. Emits large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Exposure to radiation during coal mining. |
| Grey, hard, and porous fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, made by heating coal or oil in the absence of air — a destructive distillation process. | |
| Type of non-renewable energy that is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. A type of fossil fuel that can be refined to produce usable products. | Crude oil |
| Year rangeaa when Crude Oil when in Baku in the year 1837, where the first commercial oil refinery was established to distill oil into paraffin (used as lamp and heating oil). | 1800-1869 |
| Year range when World War I drove global demand for oil and caused prices to rise from $0.81 a barrel in 1914 to $1.98 in 1918. | 1914-1949 |
| Year range when after the war, governments looked to nationalize oil production. Formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), with the aim of reducing competition between their nations and controlling prices. | 1950-2003 |
| Year range when The US invasion of Iraq in 2003 created uncertainty about the future supply of oil, and at the same time, Asian demand (driven by China) increased massively, contributing to a rise from $28.38 in July 2000 to over $146.02 in July 2008. | 2003 to present |
| Country with largest amount of proven oil reserves in the world with 300,878 million barrels of proven reserves. | Venezuela |
| Country that is top by production of crude oil in the world | USA |
| In the refining process, crude oil is refined to produce different petroleum products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. For the conversion to take place, crude oil is heated and introduced into the distillation tower. In the tower, oil is broken down | Crude oil processing |
| 3 types of crude oil processing | Upstream, midstream, downstream |
| are materials derived from crude oil as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure chemical compounds, they are complex mixtures. | Petroleum products |
| a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made | Synthetic oil |
| Type of non-renewable energy that are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their container. | Liquid fuels |
| type of internal combustion engine known most commonly as the fuel for trucks, boats, buses, trains, machinery and other vehicles, made from crude oil invented by a German engineer named Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913) | Diesel |
| Inventor of Diesel | Rudolf Diesel |
| A flammable property defined as the lowest temperature environment at which a gas or vapor will spontaneously ignite without a distinct/localized ignition source. | Ignition Temperature |
| The lowest temperature at which a substance vaporizes into a gas, which can be ignited with the introduction of an external source of fire. The lower the _, the easier it is to ignite the material. | Flash point |
| the lowest temperature at which a volatile combustible substance continues to burn in air after its vapors have been ignited (as when heating is continued after the flash point has been determined). | Fire point |
| The temperature at which, under specific and defined conditions, it begins to produce a continuous bluish smoke that becomes clearly visible. | Smoke point |
| An internal combustion engine in which the ignition of the air-fuel mixture takes place by the spark. | Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine |
| A stroke where air-fuel mixture enters into the cylinder. | Suction stroke |
| Stroke where compression of air fuel mixture takes place. | Compression stroke |
| Stroke where Combustion of Fuel and Power Generation takes place | Power stroke |
| Stroke where escaping of burnt gases out of the engine takes place | Exhaust stroke |
| colorless petroleum-derived flammable liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion engines. | Gasoline, petrol, or gas |
| Grading of Regular Gasoline | 91 Octane Rating |
| Grading of Plus/midgrade gasoline | 95 octane rating |
| Grading of premium gasoline | 97 octane or more |
| Ability to resist premature ignition and engine knocking | Octane rating |
| Type of non-renewable energy that are hydrocarbons, hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixtures present in gaseous state which forms the basis of potential heat energy or light energy that can be readily disseminated by means of pipes from the origin to the pl | Gaseous fuel |
| is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes. | Natural gas |
| Uses of natural gas | For heating, stoves, ovens, clothes dryer, fertilizer, antifreeze, plastics, pharmaceuticals, fabrics, and manufacture ammonia, methanol, butane, ethane, propane, and acetic acid. |
| Specify the concentration range of a material in air which will burn or explode in the presence of an ignition source. | Explosive limits |
| Two types of explosive limits | Lower Explosive Lmit and Upper Explosive Limit |
| a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2 | Hydrogen |
| A colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. | Helium |
| known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels. | Alternative fuels |
| Coke | |
| Minimum concentration needed to start a combustion in air of a combustible gas | Lower Explosive Limit |
| Maximum concentration needed to start a combustion in air of a combustible gas | Upper Explosive Limit |
Created by:
dwight_gatcha