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Stars
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what kind of lifetime do stars have | finite (limited existence) |
| what do stars do over time | evolve |
| what does the mass of a star control | its evolution, lifespan, and ultimate fate |
| How do stars form | condensation and gravitational compression of interstellar gas and dust |
| What two stars can come from a stellar nebula | Average star and a massive star |
| Life cycle of an average star | Stellar nebula ---> average star ---> Red giant ---> Planetary nebula ---> White dwarf ---> (black dwarf next) |
| Life cycle of a massive star | Stellar nebula ---> massive star ---> Supergiant ---> Supernova ---> Neutron star or a black hole |
| What is a nebula | clouds of dust and gas |
| What does gravity cause | Dust and gas particles to clump together forming stars |
| What is the crab nebula | A nebula first observed around 1050 AD |
| What is the Helix nebula | A nebula 650 light years away in the constellation Aquarius |
| What is a protostar | Early stages of star formation when fusion begins |
| What do low mass stars start as | main sequence stars |
| What are low mass stars fusing | Hydrogen into helium in the core |
| Characteristics of low/medium mass | cooler cores slower fusion rate longer lives |
| What kind of star is the sun | a low mass main sequence star |
| What do high mass stars start as | main sequence stars |
| Characteristics of a high mass star | hotter cores faster fusion rate shorter lives |
| What kind of star is betelgeuse | a high mass super giant |
| What have giant stars run out of | Hydrogen fuel |
| What do giant stars do to lead to rapid expansion | start to collapse which cause a rise in temp which then lead to rapid expansion |
| What do increased temps allow in a giant star | helium to fuse into larger atoms |
| What is a planetary nebula | A ring shaped nebula formed by an expanding shell of gas around an aging star |
| What drifts outwards into space (planetary nebula) | outer layers of red giants |
| What is the term planetary and why | a misnomer because the ring of gas and dust looked like planets to early astronomers |
| What happens when inner core left behind of a dying star | become a white dwarf |
| what happens when all fuel is exhausted for dwarf star | the star becomes a black dwarf, emitting no light |
| what is a super nova | an explosion of a supermassive star |
| how bright may a supernova be | 10 billion suns |
| What is a neutron star | remnant star that can result from a supernova |
| what are the densest and smallest stars known to exist | neutron stars |
| What does the Hr diagram show the relationship between | luminosity, and surface temperature |
| What are the categories on the hr diagram | blue giants (not really cared abt) , red supergiants, red giants, main sequence, white dwarfs |
| What is a light year | distance light travels in a year |
| What is the most commonly used measurement for distance in astronomy | lightyears |
| why are standard measurements not useful in astronomy | The universe is so vast that standard measurements become meaningless |
| How long does it take for light to go between the sun and earth | 8 minutes |
| How far is the earth from the center of the milky way galaxy | 25,000 light years |
| What is the solar nebula theory | best current idea for the origin of the solar system which explains that the planets formed though the condensing of the solar nebula |
| Why doesn't the nebula slowly collapse in on itself from the gravity | a collapsing cloud increases in temperature, raising the pressure of the nebula. This pressure pushes nebula outwards |
| What is a galaxy | collections of billions of stars |
| basic types of galaxies: | spiral elliptical irregular |
| What type of galaxy is the milky way | spiral |
| what galaxy contains arms that spiral from the center | spiral |
| what galaxy has older stars towards the center | spiral |
| what galaxy has younger stars form within the galaxy's arms | spiral |
| What percent of galaxies are spiral | 77% |
| What shape are elliptical galaxies | rounded or oval |
| What galaxy doesn't have spiral arms | elliptical |
| what stars do elliptical galaxies contain | older reddish stars |
| What galaxy has relatively little gas and dust which inhibits new star formation | elliptical |
| Size of elliptical galaxies | variety of sizes but often rather large |
| shape of irregular galaxies | lacks clearly defined hape |
| which galaxy contains lots of gas and dust, favorable for new star formations | irregular |
| how does an irregular galaxy form | may form through collisions with other galaxies or uneven gravity within a galaxy. |
| The universe is ____ in size and very ___ | vast:old |
| how old is the universe | 13.8 billion years old |
| What is the best current model for the origin of the universe | Big Bang Theory |
| What does the big bang state | That the universe began in a very hot dense state that expanded and eventually condensed into galaxies |
| What supports a view of an expanding universe | the big bang theory |
| objects aren't moving away from earth, rather that, ______ | the fabric of space itself is expanding |
| What is redshift | an apparent change in the frequency of light waves due to the relative motion of the source of the wave and the observer |
| Why do stars appear red | Stars are moving away from earth causing the wavelength to be stretched |
| what happened in 1929 | Dr. Edwin Hubble observed that most galaxies are moving away form each other |
| What stays the same no matter where you are in space (galaxy movement) | Everything seems to be moving away from you in all directions |
| What is Hubbles law | The further away a galaxy is the faster its moving away |
| What did Hubble observe | the absorption spectra released by each galaxy |
| How can scientists determine elements present in a star | By studying light released and comparing absorption spectrum of stars to absorption spectra of elements |
| What stars burn through fuel quickly and die off quickly | supergiants |
| What stars are large but cooler and less dense | giants |
| mass increases = ____________ and __________ increase | temp and brightness increases |
| What stars are less massive than giants, but denser so they are hotter. | White Dwarfs |
| Hr Diagram temperature measurement | kelvin |
| What has a center bulge (black hole) surrounded by four arms | Milky way |
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