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1. What is the difference between screening, diagnostic and base line mammogram? (How many views?)
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2. Three different types of breast tissues are ____________, ______________, and ____________
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ch.23-24

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1. What is the difference between screening, diagnostic and base line mammogram? (How many views?) -Screening:performed on asymptomatic women, 50 years or older,(min 2 views) -Diagnostic:Performed on patients with symptoms or elevated risk factors(2/3 views) -Baseline:The first radiographic examination of the breasts,Usually done before age 40
2. Three different types of breast tissues are ____________, ______________, and ____________ -Fibrous -Glandular -Adipose
3. 80% of the breast cancer is __________________. ductal
4. A double emulsion film is used in mammography. True or False? false its single
5. What are the three target materials commonly used in a mammographic x-ray tube? -Tungsten (W) -Molybdenum (Mo) -Rhodium(Rh)
7. _____________________________produces characteristic x-rays with energy of 19 keV Molybdenum (Mo)
8. _____________________________ produces characteristic x-rays with energy of 23 keV Rhodium (Rh)
9. What are the filters commonly used in mammographic x-ray tubes? -Mo/Mo -Mo/Rh -Rh/Rh
10. Commonly use focal spot size in mammographic x-ray tubes are_______________ 0.3/0.1 mm.(large/small)
11. The anode angle in a mammographic x-ray tube is ______________________ 23° to obtain focal spot of 0.3/0.1mm
12. The x-ray tube is tilted ________ degrees in a mammographic unit. 6° to obtain focal spot of 0.3/0.1mm
13. What is the advantage of tilting the x-ray tube in a mammographic unit? -Provide smaller effective focal spot. -Ensure the imaging of the tissue next to the chest wall. -When the tube is tilted the central ray becomes parallel to the chest wall and no tissue is missed.
14. The glass window of the mammographic nit is usually _____________ or ______________ -A Beryllium (Z=4) window or -a very thin Borosilicate glass window.
15. In mammography the total beam filtration should not be less than ____________________ 0.5mm of Al equivalent
16. Thick dense breasts are imaged better with ___________________ target filter combination Rh/Rh target filter combination.
A tungsten target x-ray tube should have a Molybdenum or Rhodium filter(50um).
A Molybdenum target x-ray tube should have Mo filtration of 30 um or Rh filtration of 50 um.
A Rhodium target x-ray tube should have a Rh filter of 25 um
17. Thin fatty breasts are image better with ______________________ target filter combination. Mo/Mo target filter combination.
18. Spatial resolution is less at the ______________side of the mammographic x-ray Tube. anode
19. What is the advantage of giving breast compression during a mammographic examination? -A compressed breast is more uniform in thickness and therefore the optical density of the image is more uniform. -Tissues nearer the chest wall are less likely to be underexp -Tissues nearer the nipples are less likely to be overexp -lower pt dose
19. What is the advantage of giving breast compression during a mammographic examination? (continued) -Reduced focal spot blur (compression brings tissues closer) -Reduce absorption blur -Reduce scatter -Improve spatial res/contrast res -Reduce motion blur -Reduces the superimp of tissue structures because compression spreads out the tissue.
20. What is the common grid ratio used in mammography? 4:1 to 5:1.
21. What is the common grid frequency used in mammography? 30 to 50 lines /cm.
22. Name a special type of grid used in Mammography. High transmission cellular grid (HTC)
23. What is the purpose of a quality control program?
24. How often a screen film contract is tested? semi anually
25. Effective focal spot should not exceed ______________in magnification mammography 0.1mm
26. The CCD is a solid state device that converts _________ photons to electrons. visible light
27. CCD is made up of ____________________ or _____________________ amorphous silicon or amorphous selenium.
28. The electronic noise in digital mammography can be reduced by ______________________ cooling the detector
29. Cooling the detector will improve contrast resolution. True or False? True
30. What are the advantages of digital mammography? -Ability to post-process the image -Enhanced contrast resolution. -However, digital imaging can only provide a spatial resolution of 8 to 10 lp /mm. compared to 20 lp/mm for screen film)
30. What are the advantages of digital mammography? (continued) -But this is adequate because of the enhanced contrast resolution available with post-processing
The response of a CCD is _________, not curvilinear as with screen film. linear
32. _______________ is the most hands-on member of the QC team. Mammographer
34. For an accurate result at least _________ mammograms should be included in the analysis. 250
Phantom images (If the phantom images results in any of the factors exceeding the control values, the cause should be investigated and corrected as soon as possible) -are taken to ensure optimal OD, contrast, uniformity and image quality of the x-ray imaging system and film processor. -should also be taken after equipment installation and major equipment maintenance.
35. Repeat rate of ____________% is acceptable. 2%
36. ________ is an imaginary pivot point about which the x-ray tube and the image receptor move. fulcrum
Repeat rate (%) = Number of repeated films X 100/ Total number of exposed films
37. The ______________ the tomographic angle, the thinner the section is. larger
A ___________ is performed to evaluate screen film contact wire mesh test
(tomography) The angle of movement of the x-ray tube is known as the tomographic angle.
The thickness of tissue imaged is called the tomographic layer.
38. What are the factors that control the blur on a tomographic image? 1) Distance of object from the focal plane. 2) Exposure Angle. 3) Object image Receptor Distance (OID). 4)Tube trajectory
-Tomography : Body section radiography -Tomogram: Radiograph produced by tomographic process. -Fulcrum: The pivot point between the x-ray tube and the IR -Exposure angle: The angle resulting from the x-ray beam movement. Fulcrum level: Distance measured in centimeters or inches, from the tabletop to the fulcrum Objective plane=Focal plane: The plane in which the object is clear and in focus.
39. How can you change the thickness of a tomographic layer? by changing tomographic angle
 

 



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