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Rhetorical Criticism
Exam 1 notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| RHETORIC | THE HUMAN USE OF SYMBOLS TO COMMUNICATE. |
| 3 DIMENSIONS OF RHETORIC | 1. HUMANS AS THE CREATORS OF RHETORIC 2. SYMBOLS AS THE MEDIUM FOR RHETORIC 3. COMMUNICATION AS THE PURPOSE OF RHETORIC |
| SYMBOL | IS A HUMAN CONSTRUCTION CONNECTED ONLY INDIRECTLY TO ITS REFERENT. |
| RHETORICAL ACT | AN ACT IS EXECUTED IN THE PRESENCE OF A RHETOR'S INTENDED AUDIENCE -- A SPEECH OR A MUSICAL PERFORMANCE PRESENTED TO A LIVE AUDIENCE. |
| RHETORICAL ARTIFACT | WHEN A RHETORICAL ACT IS TRANSCRIBED AND PRINTED, POSTED ON A WEBSITE, RECORDED ON FILM, OR PRESERVED ON CANVAS, IT BECOMES A RHETORICAL ARTIFACT THAT THEN IS ACCESSIBLE TO A WIDER AUDIENCE. |
| RHETORICAL CRITICISM | IT IS A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD THAT IS DESIGNED FOR THE SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION AND EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLIC ACTS AND ARTIFACTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF UNDERSTANDING RHETORICAL PROCESSES. |
| 3 PRIMARY DIMENSIONS OF RHETORICAL CRITICISM | 1. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS AS THE ACT OF CRITICISM 2. ACTS AND ARTIFACTS AS THE OBJECTS OF ANALYSIS IN CRITICISM 3. UNDERSTANDING RHETORICAL PROCESSES AS THE PURPOSE OF CRITICISM. |
| THEORY | IS A TENTATIVE ANSWER TO A QUESTION WE POSE AS WE SEEK TO UNDERSTAND THE WORLD. |
| SELECTING AN ARTIFACT | 1. IT MUST CONTAIN THE KINDS OF DATA THAT ARE THE FOCUS OF THE UNITS OF ANALYSIS OF THE METHOD. 2. UNITS OF ANALYSIS FOCUS ATTENTION ON CERTAIN DIMENSIONS OF AN ARTIFACT AND NOT OTHERS. |
| ANALYZING THE ARTIFACT | THE SECOND STEP IN THE PROCESS OF CRITICISM IS TO CODE OR ANALYZE YOUR ARTIFACT USING THE PROCEDURES OF THE METHOD. |
| FORMULATING A RESEARCH QUESTION | IS WHAT YOU FIND OUT ABOUT RHETORIC BY STUDYING AN ARTIFACT. IT SUGGESTS WHAT YOUR STUDY CONTRIBUTES TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW RHETORICAL PROCESSES WORK - YOUR CONTRIBUTION, IN OTHER WORDS, TO RHETORICAL THEORY. |
| WRITING THE ESSAY (5 MAJOR COMPONENTS) | 1. AN INTRODUCTION, IN WHICH YOU DISCUSS THE RESEARCH QUESTION, ITS CONTRIBUTION TO RHETORICAL THEORY, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE |
| 2. A DESCRIPTION OF YOUR ARTIFACT AND ITS CONTEXT | |
| 3. A DESCRIPTION OF YOUR METHOD OF ANALYSIS | |
| 4. A REPORT OF THE FINDINGS OF THE ANALYSIS | |
| 5. A DISCUSSION OF THE CONTRIBUTION YOUR ANALYSIS MAKES TO RHETORICAL THEORY | |
| POSSIBLE STARTING POINTS FOR FORMULATING A RESEARCH QUESTION (FOUR BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS | THE RHETOR, THE AUDIENCE, THE SITUATION, AND THE MESSAGE |
| RHETOR | SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS DEAL WITH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RHETORS AND THEIR RHETORIC. QUESTIONS THAT FOCUS ON THE RHETOR MIGHT BE CONCERNED WITH THE MOTIVE OF THE RHETOR. |
| AUDIENCE | SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS ARE CONCERNED WITH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ARTIFACT AND AN AUDIENCE. |
| SITUATION | OTHER RESEARCH QUESTIONS DEAL WITH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ARTIFACT AND THE SITUATION OF CONTEXT IN WHICH THE ARTIFACT IS EMBEDDED. |
| MESSAGE | THE FOCUS IS ON THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE ARTIFACT THAT ENABLE IT TO FUNCTION IN PARTICULAR WAYS. |
| THREE CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING A WORK OF CRITICISM | JUSTIFICATION, REASONABLE INFERENCE, COHERENCE |
| JUSTIFICATION | YOU MUST BE ABLE TO JUSTIFY WHAT YOU SAY OR OFFER REASONS IN SUPPORT OF THE CLAIMS YOU MAKE IN YOUR REPORT OF YOU FINDINGS. |
| REASONABLE INFERENCE | YOU MUST SHOW HOW YOU MOVED FROM THE DATA OF THE ARTIFACT TO THE CLAIMS YOU ARE MAKING |
| COHERENCE | YOU MUST ORDER, ARRANGE, AND PRESENT YOUR FINDINGS SO THEY ARE CONGRUENT AND CONSISTENT. |
| COHERENCE ALSO REQUIRES THAT A CRITIC DO SUFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF THE FINDINGS TO PRESENT THEM IN AN INSIGHTFUL AND USEFUL WAY. | |
| ARISTOTLE'S DEFINITION OF RHETORIC | Aristotle says that "rhetoric is the counterpart of dialectic. |
| DIALECTIC | is a form of reasoning based on the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments, advocating propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses). |
| Deliberative rhetoric | is the art of raising issues for discussion in political circles. |
| Epideictic Rhetoric | This is rhetoric of ceremony, commemoration, declamation, demonstration, on the one hand, and of play, entertainment, display, including self-display. |
| Forensic Rhetoric | RHETORIC ABOUT PAST GUILT |
| Procedures of Neo-Aristotelian Criticism | Reconstructing the Context Applying the Cannons Assessing the effects |
| Cannons | Invention, logos, ethos, pathos, organization, style, delivery, memory |
| Invention | External proofs- those the rhetor uses from other sources, but does not create. Internal proofs- logos, ethos, pathos |
| Logos | deals with the logical or rational elements of the rhetoric and with the effect of these elements on the audience |
| Ethos | is what we today call credibility |
| Pathos | concerns appeals designed to generate emotions in the audience. |
| Organization | analyzing the arrangement or structure of the artifact |
| Style | how particular kinds of words or other symbols are used by the rhetor to create varying effects and how the symbols are arranged to form larger units such as sentences, figures of speech, images, and so on. |
| Delivery | the influence of delivery on the success of the rhetorical artifact |
| Memory | it deals with the rhetor's control of the materials of the speech and the relation of memory to the mode of presentation selected. Not used very often. |
| Selecting an Artifact | Usually speeches or discursive texts because they are easy for this analysis |
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nooblets