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chemistry 1 and 2

chemistry 1

What is chemistry? the study of the composition, properties, and behavior of matter
what is matter? any object that has both mass and volume
what are the types of chemistry? organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry
what is organic chemistry? substances containing carbon
what is inorganic chemistry? substances not containing carbon
what is analytical chemistry? composition of substances
what is physical chemistry? behavior of substances
what are the chemistry fields? materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, environment
materials development of materials for industrial and commercial purposes
energy developing new forms of energy
medicine development of drugs and genetic modification
agriculture fertilizer, pesticides/herbicide, genetic modification
environment fixing problems caused by short cited chemistry
what is substance? matter that has a uniform makeup; eg. sugar
what are physical properties? property of matter that can be measured without changing its composition; eg. density; physical properties can be used to determine unknown substances in an experiment
what are states of matter? solid, liquid, gas, plasma
solid definite shape and volume
liquid indefinite shape, definite volume
gas indefinite shapes and volume
plasma electrically neutral medium of charged particles; caused by ionization (+,-) of a substance
physical change any change that does not alter the chemical composition of matter (state change)
what are the 2 mixtures? heterogenous, homogenous
heterogenous non-uniform in composition; eg. vegetable soup
homogenous uniform in composition; eg. salt water; also know as solution
what is distillation? separates a homogenous mixture using varying boiling points
what is an element? cannot be separated into smaller components
what are compounds? can be separated into smaller components using a reaction; requires energy
what are chemical properties? the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction; can only be observed when a substances undergoes a chemical change
what is chemical change? energy almost always given off or absorbed; products have different properties than reactants; hard to reverse
what is conservation of mass? quantity of matter is unchanged throughout any chemical reaction; matter cannot be created nor destroyed; Antoine Lavoisier
what are basics of chemistry? elements, compounds, atoms
elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances
compounds substances made of more than one element
atoms the smallest particle of an element which retains the properties
protons positively charged, found in the nucleus; defines the atom
neutrons neutral charge, also found in nucleus
electrons negatively charged, very important in forming bond
valance electrons electrons in an atom's outermost energy level; atoms are most stable when they max the maximum number of valance electrons
ions an atom that has gained or lost and electron; has a + or - charge
isotopes atoms with varying numbers of neutrons
what are the chemical bonds? ionic bond, covalent, polar, hydrogen
ionic bonds formed from the rxn between a + and - ion; one ion takes the electron from the other ion; not very strong
covalent bonds two atoms share electrons to form molecules; can have multiple bonds between atoms depending on how many pairs of electrons are shared
polar molecules atom doesn't share bonds equally; one part is + and the other is -; eg. water
hydrogen bonds weak interactions between hydrogen atoms; very important in organic chemistry
Created by: phoenition
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