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AP Psych Unit II
Bio/Neurological
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| localization of function | the idea that various brain regions have different functions |
| biological psychology | the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes |
| neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
| dendrites | extension of neurons that receive messages/conduct impulses toward the cell body |
| axon | extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons/muscles/glands |
| myelin sheath | tissue layer encasing the axons of some neurons; enables greater transmission speed |
| degradation of myelin sheath | multiple sclerosis |
| action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
| refractory period | a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired |
| threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| all-or-none response | reaction of either firing (with a full- strength response) or not firing |
| synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
| synaptic gap/cleft | gap between the two neurons |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| reuptake | neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron |
| endorphins | "morphine within"-natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
| agonist | a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response |
| antagonist | a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) affected functions | Muscle action/ movement, Memory |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) undersupply | Alzheimer’s |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) agonist | Nicotine |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) antagonist | Black Widow Venom |
| Dopamine affected functions | Addiction, euphoria |
| Dopamine undersupply | Parkinson's (tremors) |
| Dopamine oversupply | Schizophrenia |
| Dopamine agonist | Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ritalin |
| Norepinephrine affected functions | Mood elevated, arousal |
| Norepinephrine undersupply | Depression |
| Norepinephrine oversupply | Anxiety |
| Norepinephrine antagonist | Certain anti-depressants, Beta-blockers, XANAX |
| Serotonin affected functions | mood regulation, hunger, aggression, sleep |
| Serotonin undersupply | Depression, migraines |
| Serotonin oversupply | Inhibit dreaming, OCD |
| Serotonin agonist | Prozac, LSD |
| Serotonin antagonist | SSRIs |
| GABA affected functions | Inhibitory sleep effect on axons, sleep |
| GABA undersupply | Anxiety, Huntington's, epilepsy |
| GABA agonist | Alcohol |
| nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body |
| somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) |
| sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
| sensory (afferent) neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
| motor (efferent) neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
| endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues |
| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
| pituitary gland | regulates growth hormones and controls other endocrine glands |
| nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
| Yerks-Dalson Arousal Theory | Theory about the optimal level of arousal to maximize performance |
| General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS] | Our stress response system defends then fatigues; Body will eventually/automatically calm itself down |
| lesion | tissue destruction |
| brain lesion | a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
| electroencephalogram (EEG) | amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
| CT scan | computed tomography scan; series of X-ray photographs representing brain's structure; aka CAT scan |
| PET scan | positron emission tomography scan; visual display of brain activity that detects where glucose goes while the brain performs a task |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging; technique that uses magnetic fields/radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue/brain anatomy |
| fMRI | functional MRI; technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; show brain function and structure |
| brainstem | responsible for automatic survival functions + alertness; begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull |
| medulla | controls heartbeat and breathing; part of brainstem |
| thalamus | sensory control center; vision, hearing, taste, touch; part of limbic system |
| reticular formation | a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal |
| cerebellum | motor coordination and balance; part of brainstem |
| limbic system | neural system regulating emotions and arousal |
| hippocampus | processes memories; part of the limbic system |
| amygdala | controls emotional response and fear; two bean clusters in limbic system |
| hypothalamus | regulates homeostasis; lies below the thalamus |
| Occipital lobe | controls vision |
| Temporal lobe | controls memory, understanding, language |
| Frontal lobe | controls executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing and problem solving, emotions and behavioral control, personality |
| Parietal lobe | controls perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling |
| Motor cortex | controls movement |
| Sensory cortex | controls sensations |
| pons | handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing |
| association areas | parts of the cerebral cortex that receive inputs from multiple areas; association areas integrate incoming sensory information, and also form connections between sensory and motor areas |
| Broca's area | motor speech area; regulates vocalization/breathing patterns for speech |
| Wernicke's area | controls comprehension of speech |
| angular gyrus | hub of several networks that are involved in various functions, including attention, self-processing, semantic information processing, emotion regulation, and mentalizing |
| corpus callosum | large bundle of more than 200 million myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain |
| split brain | a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them |
Created by:
ndth004