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chpt 13 SG
study guid for path chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| innate or adaptive Immediate or early responses that prevent or control an infection; responses are similar regardless of the type of infection | innate |
| innate or adaptive intact skin that serves as a barrier against microbial infection | innate |
| innate or adaptive natural killer cells, neutrophils and macrophages, mediators of inflammation such as complement and cytokines | innate |
| innate or adaptive also known as acquired or specific immunity; responses distinguish between different microbes and molecules and "remember" previously encountered pathogens | adaptive |
| innate or adaptive lymphocytes and their products that are responsible for both humoral and cell-mediated immunity | adaptive |
| toll-like receptors are located on _______ cells of the innate immune system. These bind with molecules found on _____________, for example carbohydrates found in cell ______ of bacteria. | phagocytic; a variety of pathogens; wall |
| Toll-like receptors are nicknamed the _____ of the innate immune system because they help the phagocytes to recognize and attack nonhuman cells. | eyes |
| toll-like receptors are found where and do what? | found on phagocytic cells that help to recognize nonhuman cells |
| _______ are foreign to the host, and they ________ an immune response. | antigens; stimulate |
| antigens are also known as | immunogens |
| List some types of antigens | bacteria, fungi, pollen, viruses, bee venom, protozoans, transplanted organs |
| Is penicillin an antigen | no it is a hapten that binds with proteins in our body which then causes reaction |
| Is a T lymphocyte an antigen | no |
| the site on an antigen that is recognized by a specifically shaped lymphocyte or antibody is called an antigenic determinant or an | epitope |
| A single bacterium is likely to present ________ of antigenic determinants to human immune cells. | hundreds |
| Penicillin is a _______. | hapten (this combines with a protein in our body and becomes an antigen) |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells that process antigens | antigen presenting cells (APC's) |
| B cells that lead to antibody production are in this category | lymphocytes |
| Activated T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, and neutrophils that are responsible for the destruction of the antigens | effector cells |
| Lymphocytes normally make up about _______ of all leukocytes. | 25-35% |
| T lymphocytes make up about _____ to _____ of all lymphocytes. | 60-70% |
| True or False B lymphocytes: associated with antibody mediated immunity | true |
| T lymphocytes: associated with cell-mediated immunity | true |
| The trigger for activation of both B and T lymphocytes is recognition of an epitope on an ________ by B or T cell receptors | antigen |
| List 2 types of antigen presenting cells | macrophages and dendritic cells |
| further activation of lymphocytes with chemicals known as ______ causes B or T cells to ________ or _________. | cytokines; divide; clone |
| Activated B cells produce effector cells know as _________ cells that secrete antibodies that bind to the intruding antigen and ensure its removal. | plasma |
| Antibody mediated immunity or (AMI) is also know as ___________ immunity because antibodies are small and suspended in blood. | humoral (blood = humor) |
| T cells are involved in ______ mediated immunity or (CMI) which is also know as _____________ immunity because T cells exert toxic effects directly on antigens. | cell; cytotoxic |
| What is the meaning of CD in CD4+ and CD8+ | clusters of differentiation |
| Cytotoxic cells are known as ______ cells whereas _______ cells are involved in humoral immunity | CD8+; CD4+ |
| _______ cells are destroyed by the HIV virus | CD4+ |
| MHC stands for | major histocompatability complex |
| Histo refers to ______ in the body | tissues |
| MHC molecules are coded for by DNA on chromosome ______. | 6 |
| Because MHC molecules do play a role in transplant rejection, these chemicals are classified as __________. | antigens |
| Are MHC complexes antigens? | yes |
| What do MHC complexes allow a person's immune system to do? | recognize their own cells as self not nonself. |
| Errors in "self-recognition" lead to ______ diseases where a person's immune system would _____ their own cells | autoimmune; destroy |
| What is the function of MHC ? | make sure a person's immune system does not destroy their own cells |
| MHC 1 molecules are found on nearly ____________. | every cell in the body |
| _______ can flag the immune system if the body cell is altered by cancer or by viral invasion of human cells. | MHC 1 molecules |
| How can MHC 1 molecules help to alert the cytotoxic killer T cells of viral infection or cancerous cells? | the virus or cancer cell is degraded and portions of it complex with MHC molecule |
| antigen/cancer cell particles that complex with MHC 1 molecules can alert what cell | Cytotoxic killer cells that would then destroy the cell |
| MHC II molecules are found on what three types of cells? | macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells |
| MHC II's bind to _________ from microbes that have been phagocytosed and digested within macrophages. | antigens |
| ___________ cells recognize antigens complexed with MHC II complexes. | CD4+ helper T cells |
| Human MHC proteins are also know as HLA ______________ because they were first detected on ________ blood cells. | Human Leukocyte antigens; white |
| MHC I molecules are divided into what 3 subtypes | HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C |
| Are MCH II molecules divided into subtypes? | yes |
| The combination of genes that determines a person's HLS type usually is inherited from each parent as a ____________. | haplotype |
| Because of the diversity of in MHC molecules, it ____ likely that each person's MHC or HLA antigens will be unique. | is |
| For transplant compatibility it is critical that donor and recipient MHC or HLA antigens be ______ ________. | very similar |
| Macrophages develop from cells that produce __________, that are ______ blood cells. | monocytes; white |
| Kupffer cells are ________ in the liver. | macrophages |
| Microglial cells are ___________ in the central nervous system. | macrophages |
| Macrophages take part in both _______ and ________ immune responses. | innate; adaptive |
| As a part of the innate response, toll-like receptors on phagocytes bind to antigens of a variety of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. | innate |
| Macrophages also secrete _______ such as TNF and IL-1 that will __________ the inflammatory response. | cytokines; stimulate |
| A role of macrophages in adaptive immunity is to serve as _______ that present antigen-MHCII complexes to ______ cells. | APC's; CD4+ Helper cells |
| What function do dendritic cells share with macrophages? | They are both APC's to T-lymphocytes |
| Dendritic Cells are found in ________ tissue and also in skin, where they are known as ___________ cells. | lymphoid; langerhan |
| T cells are more associated with control of ____ infections. They do this by ___________ which is ___________ immunity. | viral; direct killing action; cell-mediated |
| T cells activate ______ T cells and also ___ cells. | other; B |
| T cells form in the ______ and mature in the _______, where helper T cells develop CD4 receptors and cytotoxic T cells develop _____ receptors. | bone marrow; thymus; CD8 |
| Helpter T (____) cells activated by recognition of an antigen complexed with ________ molecules play key regulatory roles in immunity. | CD4; MHC II; |
| Helper T cells secrete _______ such as interleukins, that activate most other types of immune cells (for example: attracting more _______ to the infected area. | cytokines; macrophages or WBC's |
| Cytotoxic T (CD__) cells are activated by _______ molecules complexed with cells infected with viruses or cancer (antigens); this process ensures that neighboring cells with MHC i but not infected with antigen will be spared from attack by CD8+ cells. | CD8; MHC I |
| List several mechanisms by which cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells. | 1. release perforin (punctures hole) 2. induces apoptosis |
| B cells develop and mature in the _________. During this process, they develop receptors that are __________, this process _____ __ require the presence of an antigen. | bone marrow; antibodies; does not |
| List several functions of the immunoglobulins on B cells. | 1. antigen receptors 2. class II MHC proteins 3. complement receptors 4. and are specific CD molecules |
| The mature B cells go where? | migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissue |
| When B cells encounter specific antigens & T-cell/cytokine stimulation, they will transform into _______ cells & produce antibodies that bind to & remove specific antigens or they become long-lived _______ cells that respond to future antigen exposure. | plasma; memory |
| B cells are associated with destruction of __________________. They do this by causing production of ________ which is ________ immunity. | bacteria and their toxins; antibodies; humoral |
| B lymphocytes ____ serve as APC's | can |
| Antibodies or immunoglobulins are ______ with __ polypeptide chains (2 heavy, 2 light) with at least ___ antigen binding sites. | proteins; 4; 2 |
| Three classes of antibodies have shapes that resemble the letter Y. These are ____, _____ and ______ | IgD, IgE, and IgG |
| Function of antibody is to bind with ___. These binding sites are found at the ends of the ______ portion of the antibody; this region is know as the Fab or ______ binding fragment.e | antigen; forked; variable |
| The Fab end of the antibody is ______ in shape because this portion of all antibodies must conform to diverse antigens. | variable |
| The tail end of an antibody is called the ___________ and is _________ for the particular class of immunoglobulin (such as IgD, or IgG) | Fc fragment, constant |
| These antibodies are detected in baby Cleo's blood. Because these are the first antibodies to be secreted in response to an antigen and because they do not cross placenta, it is determined that Cleo must have the infection that caused them. | IgM |
| Baby receives these immunoglobulins from it's mother | IgG |
| antibodies found in secretions, saliva, mucus, GI tract and vagina | IgA |
| Dorothy has allergies to pollen and several foods that are mediated by antibodies that trigger release of histamine from her mast cells and basophils | IgE |
| NK cells are what kind of cell. | lymphocyte |
| Natural Killer cells destroy _______ cells or _________ cells ____________. | cancer; virus infected; directly |
| How do Natural Killer cells differ from cytotoxic killer cells? | NK's do not need to be activated by the specific antigens |
| HOw do NK cells know not to kill normal human cells? | recognize MHC I self molecules |
| NK cells mechanisms of destroying invadcers mimic those of ____ lymphocytes in that they produce cytotoxic chemicals such as __________ | T; perforins and toxic cytokines |
| What are the central lympoid organs? | Bone marrow; thymus |
| Where is thymus located | thorax, anterior to his heart |
| T cells mature in the thymus under the influence of ________ and _______ hormones. | cytokines; thymus |
| Most of the T cells ____ _____ leave the thymus | do not (only 5 percent leave) |
| Normally only T cells that can distinguish ______ from antigens are selected to leave the thymus. | foreign from self |
| The process whereby only T cells that can recognize foreign from self can leave the thymus is called | thymic selection |
| After about two days, mature T cells leave the thymus and travel through the bloodstream and settle in ________________ tissues. | peripheral lympoid |
| Most of a person's lymph nodes are likely to be located in their ? | trunk and proximal ends of their extremities |
| _______________ cells are located in the lymph nodes. | both T cells and B cells |
| Other than housing T and B cells, what other functions do the lymph nodes have? | removal and phagocytosis of antigens in lymph |
| spleen is located just posterior to ______ on the upper _______ side of his abdomen. Old red blood cells are destroyed within ___ pulp. White pulp serves as another location of __ and __ cells. | stomach; left; red; B, T |
| Microbes inhaled into airways will be greeted and attacked by immune cells in two sites, namely ______ and ______. | tonsils; MALT (mucosal associated lymphatic tissue) |
| Cytokines are _______ and _______ immune cells, primarily ____ lymphocytes & machrophages. These chemicals act on cells ________ the cells that produce them, where they bind to specific _____. | are made by ; act on; T; nearby, receptors |
| Most cytokines affect ________________ type of cell and may lead to cascade effects. | more than one |
| Name several cytokines that mediate inflammation by producing fever and mobilizing neutrophils. | 1. IL-1, IL-6, TNF |
| Name several cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis (development of blood cells) | IL-1, IL 7, IL-11 CSF |
| Name the interleukin and its receptor that are critical for sustained T cell proliferation. | IL-2 |
| How do interferons help protect the body? | stimulate cells next to infected cells to produce antiviral proteins (not pathogen specific, so effective against other pathogens too) |
| Name a cytokine that is responsible for tissue wasting? | TNF |
| Active or Passive Immunization with injection of antigens to which the body develops immunity | Active immunity |
| Active or passive Infection with a specific microbe and its antigens | active immunity |
| Active or Passive A dose of gamma globulin | Passive immunity |
| Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to baby across the placenta | Passive immunity |
| Produces short-term protection that lasts only weeks to months | passive immunity |
| Production of antibodies in humoral immunity depends more directly on ____ lymphocytes. | B |
| List several mechanisms whereby antibodies are able to combat infection. (list 5) | 1. agglutination 2. precipitation 3. neutralization 4. opsonization 5. complement activation |
| When someone receives a vaccination and then receives a booster years later, which shot results in a greater response? | the second one because of the memory cells from the first |
| Name three types of antigens against which cell mediated immunity offers protection? | 1. virus cells 2. cancer cells 3. intracellular bacteria |
| Helper T cells produce ______ which when released stimulates killing activity of ________ T cells and macrophages. | IL-2; cytotoxic |
| Cell-mediated immunity depends mainly on ____ lymphocytes and ___________. | T; macrophages |
| the complement system consists of _____ in blood and similar to the process of blood coagulation, acts via a _________ of reactions tomediate ____________ immunity. | proteins; cascade; humoral |
| Activation of complement leads to release of chemicals from mast cells and basophils, causing blood vessels to _____, & have ____ permeability. This process called ______ brings more phagocytic cells to infected area. | dilate; increased; anaphylaxis |
| Coating of microbes that makes them more inviting to phagocytes is process called ____, as a result phagocytes are more attracted to these tasty morsels, a process called _________. | opsonization; chemotaxis |
| the late phase of the complement cascasde triggers formation of the _______________ that causes lysis of bacteria and cells including ______, ______, and ______. | MAC's, RBC's, Platelets, lymphocytes |
| List two factors that exert checks and balances on the immune system. | 1. tolerance to self antigens 2. antigens, antibodies and cytokines are short lived |
| Immune system develops how? | blood formation begins, development of thymus and bone marrow next, then development of spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils |
| The antibodies in newborns received from the mother that protect infant for about 3 months are called | IgG |
| When do most the IgG's from the mother cross the placenta to the baby? | during final weeks of pregnancy |
| Celia a newborn whose mother has the HIV virus, ____ have IgG's against the HIV virus in her blood. Is Celia infected with HIV? | will; may or may not be depending on how much HIV crossed the placenta |
| IgA's are transferred from mother to baby through | breast milk |
| Factors that are likely to be decreased in elderly persons are | 1. cell-mediated immunity 2. antibody-mediated immunity 3. T-cell count 4. IL-2 cytokine production |
Created by:
kellyaem