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Concerned primarily with the changes that occur between maturity and death and with the factors that influence these changes.
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It addresses the social and economic effects of an aging population and the physiological and psychological aspects of aging to learn about the aging process and possibly minimize disabilities.
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NCM - 114 Lec
Prelim Examination
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Concerned primarily with the changes that occur between maturity and death and with the factors that influence these changes. | Gerontology |
| It addresses the social and economic effects of an aging population and the physiological and psychological aspects of aging to learn about the aging process and possibly minimize disabilities. | Gerontology |
| focuses on the care of aging people | geriatrics |
| the actual study of the aging process | Gerontology |
| works to promote health and the older adults while preventing and treating disease prone to them. | geriatrician / geriatric physician gerontology nurse |
| the study of aging and/or the age, this includes the biopsychosocial of aging | Gerontology |
| relates to the medical care of the age. | geriatrics |
| Discipline of nursing and scope of nursing practice. | Gerontological nursing |
| involves nurses advocating for the health of older adults and all levels of prevention. | Gerontological nursing |
| others who has a specialization in geriatrics or in the care of old people | geriatric nurse / gerontological nurse |
| From the time of “old age” until death. | gerontological nurse |
| Work with healthy elderly persons in their communities, acutely ill or elders requiring hospitalization and treatment, and chronically ill or disabled elders in long term facilities, skilled care, home care, and hospice. | gerontological nurse |
| This is related to the disease process of old age and it aims at keeping old persons at a state of self dependence as far as possible and to provide facilities to improve their quality of life. | Geriatric care |
| defined as time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility. | AGING |
| a normal process of time related change begins with birth and continues throughout life. | AGING |
| Expresses the continuous pressure and effect of time on our body, senses, and skin. | AGING |
| the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age. | AGING PROCESS / AGING |
| Aging is a universal process that begins at birth and is specified by the chronological age criterion. | Objectively |
| Is marked by changes in behavior and self-perception and reaction to biologic changes. | Subjectively |
| Aging refers to the capabilities of the individual to function in society. | Functionally |
| 60 to 74 | young old age |
| 75 to 84 | old age |
| 85 to 100 | old–old age |
| Over 100 | centenarians |
| refers to the physical changes that “slow us down” as human get in the middle and older in years. | Biologic Aging |
| refers to the psychological changes, including those involving mental functioning and personality that occur as human age. | Psychologic Aging |
| may be seen as a continuous struggle for identity i.e. for a sense of coherence and meaning in thoughts, feelings, and actions. | Psychologic Aging |
| Success depends on a lucky synchronization of changes through life in different parts of the personal self. | Psychologic Aging |
| changes in person's roles and relationships both within their networks of relatives and friends and in formal organizations such as the workplace and houses of worship. | Social Aging |
| differs from one individual to another. | Social Aging |
| profoundly influenced by the perception of aging that is part of a society's culture. | Social Aging |
| the decline in cognitive processing that occurs as people get older. | Cognitive Aging |
| Age-related impairments in reasoning, memory and processing speed can arise during adulthood and progress into the elder years. | Cognitive Aging |
| a term that describes a process of gradual, longitudinal changes in cognitive functions that accompany the aging process. | Cognitive Aging |
| Viewed life with three-pronged course. | Sr. Lety Kuan |
| 3 Components of Life Course: | Acquisition, Struggles, Legacy |
| are the sum of all experiences of an individual that gained throughout his existence both positive and negative. | 3 Components of Life Course: Acquisition, Struggles, Legacy |
| It affects one’s capability to face challenges and struggles in life. | Acquisition |
| His environment or relationship with others shape how he acquires in life. | Acquisition |
| a test on one’s acquisition and his capability to cope and strengthen his/her acquisition. | Struggles |
| A stage when the person achieved SELF-ACTUALIZATION and made a big contribution to the society. | Legacy |
| Able to actively participate in helping others despite age | Legacy |
| Able to take part in nation-building and leading young people to a more productive life | Legacy |
| the period from birth to death, including a sequence of predictable life events such as physical maturation | life course |
| love to play and learn, looking forward to becoming preteens. | Children |
| begin to test their independence, they are eager to become teenagers. | Preteens |
| anticipate the promises and challenges of adulthood. | Teenagers |
| become focused on creating families, building careers, and experiencing the world as independent people. | Adults |
| can provide many of the joys of parenthood without all the hard work of parenthood. | grandparenthood |
| is a lifelong process and entails maturation and change on physical, psychological, and social levels. | aging by Riley 1978 |
| REASONS FOR INCREASE IN ELDERLY POPULATION | Declining fertility and Increasing life expectancy of the elderly |
| CHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY WAS DUE TO: | Improved Sanitation Advances in MEDICAL CARE Implementation of PREVENTIVE HEALTH MEASURES |
| People nowadays are more concerned with health and hygiene. | |
| Health experts are readily available. | Advances in MEDICAL CARE |
| Increased access to healthcare services. | Advances in MEDICAL CARE |
| For the chronically ill or debilitative elderly, there are various health services they can avail (including support health programs). | Implementation of PREVENTIVE HEALTH MEASURES |
| life expectancy of Filipino males | 57.4 years |
| life expectancy of Filipino females | 63.2 |
| co-owners and directors of Hearts and Hands Counseling | Katie Thomas and Mishelle Segur |
| say that common responses include "Guilt for not being able to do more for parents; anger for having to set aside your own needs or shift your priorities; and fear and anxiety, including anticipatory grief and fear of financial strain." | Katie Thomas and Mishelle Segur |
| identify positive emotional effects of caring for aging parents | Katie Thomas and Mishelle Segur |
| describes how some families positively communicate their needs and responsibilities when managing caregiving. | Carol Heffernan |
| Graduate and spontaneous changes that occurs in maturation from infant to young adult. | Aging |
| Create a normal physiologic decline seen in middle and late adulthood. | Aging |
| Changes during puberty or graying of hair or appearance of wrinkles. | Aging |
| A process by which a cell lows its ability to grow, divide and function. | Senescence |
| This function ends in death. | Senescence |
| Oxidative stress, oncogenic signaling, chemo drugs, or other disease condition could lead to aging. | Senescence |
| Accumulation of __________ can lead to aging. | senescent cells |
| Number of years a person is expected to live; based on an estimate average age that a member of a population when they die. | Life Expectancy |
| Some Factors Influencing Your Life Expectancy: | Heredity Disease processes Medical treatment Lifestyle choices Nutrition |
| changes the biochemical and physiological processes in the body. | Aging |
| All aging begins with genetics. | True |
| Specific to guide nursing care of selected population on a given setting. Consider a comprehensive plan and individual indiffences of individual. Holistic approach: cognitive, psychological, spiritual and physical. | A good theory |
| Explain the thought processes and behaviors of aging persons. | Psycho-social Theories |
| As people grow older their behaviors, social interactions, and activities they engaged will change. | Psycho-social Theories |
| Address the anatomic and physiologic changes occurring with age. | Biological Theories |
| Changing roles, relationships, status, and generational cohort impact the older adult’s ability to adapt. | Sociological Theories |
| Relate to the environment influences that contribute and affect aging people. | Sociological Theories |
| Familial, recreational, volunteering and community roles can be maintained after retirement. | Activity |
| Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships serves to maintain social equilibrium and promote internal reflection. | Disengagement |
| Health and mobility are key determinants of social status. | Subculture |
| Elderly prefer to segregate from society in a subculture sharing loss of status and societal negativity regarding the age. | Subculture |
| Personality influences roles and life satisfaction and remains consistent throughout life. | Continuity |
| Basis of acquiring resources, roles, status, and difference from others. | Age Stratification |
| Function is affected by ego, strength, mobility, health, cognition, sensory perception, and the environment. | Person-Environment Fit |
| Transformation from a materialistic rational perspective towards oneness with the universe. | Gerotranscendence |
| Outward focus, accepting death, substantive relationships, intergenerational connectedness. | Gerotranscendence |
| Explains aging in terms of mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation and personality development that is characterized by life stage transitions. | Psychological Theories |
| Failure to grow lead to feeling of failure, life is meaningless. | Human Needs |
| Adapt to functional and social losses. Adults search for life meaning. | Individualism |
| Characterized by evaluation life accomplishments; struggles include letting go, accepting care, detachment, and physical and mental decline. | Stages of Personality Development: Integrity v.s Despair |
| Life Stages: young & single, just marries, proud parents, and planning for retirement | Life Course/ Lifespan Development |
| Individuals cope with aging losses through activity/role selection, optimization, and compensation. Critical life points are morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. | Selective Optimization with Compensation |
| Based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulates as the organism ages | Stochastic |
| Free radicals cause the cell damage thus, causing aging. | Free Radical Theory (Denham Harmans Theory) |
| Structure of DNA and RNA (error). Overtime, an error occurs in the DNA map and it begins to produce incorrect cell deterioration. | Orgel/Error Theory |
| The human body is subject to degradation due to the external environment. | Wear and Tear Theory |
| Systems wear out due to aging. | Wear and Tear Theory |
| Effects of aging are caused by damage to cells and systems. | Wear and Tear Theory |
| With aging, proteins impede metabolic processes and cause trouble with getting nutrients to cells and removing cellular waste products. | Connective Tissue/Cross-link Theory |
| Based on genetically programmed events that cause cellular damage that accelerates aging of the organism. | Nonstochastic Theories |
| Cells divide until they are no longer able to, and this triggers apoptosis or cell death. | Programmed Theory |
| Cells have a genetically programmed aging code. | Gene/Biological Clock Theory |
| Problems with the hypothalamus, pituitary endocrine gland feedback system cause disease; increased insulin growth factor accelerates aging. | Neuroendocrine Theory |
| Aging is due to faulty immunological function, which is linked to general well-being. | Immunological Theory |
| Two Categories of Theory: | Non-programmed aging theories and programmed aging theories |
| ging is considered the result of an organism’s inability to better combat natural deteriorative processes | Non-programmed aging theories |
| aging to ultimately be the result of a biological mechanism or programme that purposely causes or allows deterioration and death in order to obtain a direct evolutionary benefit achieved by limiting lifespan beyond a species-specific optimum lifespan). | Programmed aging theories |
| three sub-categories of the programmed theory | Programmed Longevity Endocrine Theory Immunological Theory |
| four sub-categories of the damage or error theory | Wear and tear theory Rate of living theory Cross-linking theory Free radicals theory |
| aging to be the result of a sequential switching on and off of certain genes, with senescence being defined as the time when age-associated deficits are manifested. | Programmed Longevity |
| where biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging. | Endocrine Theory |
| states that the immune system is programmed to decline over time, leading to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus aging and death. | Immunological Theory |
| vital parts in our cells and tissues wear out resulting in aging. | Wear and tear theory |
| Supports the theory that the greater an organism's rate of oxygen basal, metabolism, the shorter its lifespan | Rate of living theory |
| an accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing down bodily processes and thus resulting in aging. | Cross-linking theory |
| proposes that superoxide and other free radicals cause damage to the macromolecular components of the cell, | Free radicals theory |
| Refers to an inevitable process in which many of the relationships between a person and other members of society are severed & those remaining are altered in quality. | Disengagement Theory |
| Withdrawal may be initiated by the aging person or by society, and may be partial or total. | Disengagement Theory |
| It was observed that older people are less involved with life than they were as younger adults. | Disengagement Theory |
| As people age they experience greater distance from society & they develop new types of relationships with society. | Disengagement Theory |
| Some suggest that this theory does not consider the large number of older people who do not withdraw from society. | Disengagement Theory |
| This theory is recognised as the first formal theory that attempted to explain the process of growing older. | Disengagement Theory |
| Is another theory that describes the psychosocial aging process. | Activity Theory |
| emphasizes the importance of ongoing social activity. | Activity Theory |
| This theory suggests that a person's self-concept is related to the roles held by that person i.e. retiring may not be so harmful if the person actively maintains other roles, such as familial roles, recreational roles, volunteer & community roles. | Activity Theory |
| To maintain a positive sense of self the person must substitute new roles for those that are lost because of age. And studies show that the type of activity does matter, just as it does with younger people. | Activity Theory |
| this theory elaborates on wear and tear by focusing on the neuroendocrine system. | The Neuroendocrine Theory |
| Proposed the Neuroendocrine Theory | Professor Vladimir Dilman and Ward Dean MD |
| This system is a complicated network of biochemicals that govern the release of hormones which are altered by the walnut sized gland called the hypothalamus located in the brain. | The Neuroendocrine Theory |
| controls various chain-reactions to instruct other organs and glands to release their hormones | hypothalamus |
| also responds to the body hormone levels as a guide to the overall hormonal activity. | hypothalamus |
| This now very famous theory of aging | The Free Radical Theory |
| very famous theory of aging was developed by | Denham Harman MD at the University of Nebraska in 1956. |
| describes any molecule that has a free electron, and this property makes it react with healthy molecules in a destructive way. | Free Radical |
| are all accelerators of free radical production within the body. | diet, lifestyle, drugs, radiation |
| The membrane theory of aging was first described by | Professor Imre Zs.-Nagy of Debrecen University, Hungary. |
| According to this theory it is the age-related changes of the cell's ability to transfer chemicals, heat and electrical processes that impair it. | The membrane theory of aging |
| The mitochondria are the power producing organelles found in every cell of every organ. Their primary job is to create Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and they do so in the various energy cycles that involve nutrients | The Decline Theory |
| the power producing organelles found in every cell of every organ. | mitochondria |
| Their primary job is to create Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | mitochondria |
| an essential part of preventing and slowing aging. | Enhancement and protection of the mitochondria |
| also referred to as the Glycosylation Theory of Aging. | The Cross-Linking Theory |
| Nutrients to enhance mitochondria | Acetyl-L-Carnitine, CoQ10 (Idebenone), NADH, B vitamins |
| In this theory it is the binding of glucose (simple sugars) to protein, (a process that occurs under the presence of oxygen) that causes various problems. | The Cross-Linking Theory |
Created by:
Jemima Kristin