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Stack #3606978
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bone tissue is also referred to as | osseous tissue |
| the entire frame work of bones and their cartilages | skeletel system |
| the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders | osteology |
| serves as a framework and provides attachment points | support |
| protect internal organs from injury | protection |
| bones serve as levers when muscles contract | movement |
| bone tissue stores several minerals and releases minerals into the bloodstream to maintain mineral balances | mineral homeostasis |
| red bone marrow produces red blood cells whit blood cells and platelets | blood cell protection |
| yellow bone marrow is an important entry reserve | trigly ceride storage |
| bones are classified by ____ and ___ | shape, location |
| have a greater length that width and consist of a shaft and a variable number of ends | long bones |
| are somewhat cube shaped and nearly equal in length and width | short bones |
| are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue | flat bones |
| have complex shapes and cannot be grouped with any of the previous categories | irregular bones |
| small bones located within joints called sutures between certain cranial bones | sternal/ wormier bones |
| shaft or body the bones long main portion | diaphysis |
| is primary ossification center | diaphysis |
| epiphysis | the distal and proximal ends of the bone |
| is the secondary ossification center | epiphysis |
| region where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses | metaphysis |
| layer of hyaline cartilage at the metaphysics which allows the bone to grow in length | epiphyseal plate |
| bony structure left when the cartilage of an epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone | epiphyseal line |
| thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis where a bone forms an articulation with another | articular cartilage |
| tough fibrous covering that surrounds the bone wherever there is no articular cartilage | periosteum |
| the space within the diaphysis that contains bone marrow | medullary cavity (marrow cavity) |
| the membrane that lines the medullary cavity | endosteum |
| mineral salts are deposited in the framework of collagen fibers in the matrix they crystallize and the tissue hardens | calcification ( mineralization) |
| cells divide to produce cells which develop into osteoblasts | osteogenic |
| are bone building cells | osteoblast |
| release enzymes and acids that break down bone | osteoclasts |
| bone is categorized as | compact (cortex), spongy (cancellous) |
| the cancellous bone tissue in the skull bones (and flat bones) | diploe |
| arranged in units called ----or----- | osteons, haversian |
| (perforating canals) allow passage of vessels and nerves through the periosteum | volkmanns canals |
| canals that run longitudinally through that bone that contain vessels and nerves | central or Haversian canals |
| small spaces between the lamellae | lacunae |
| rings of hard calcified matrix around the central canals ---- small spaces between the lamellae | concentric lamellae, lacunae |
| small channels that radiate in all directions from the lacunae | canaliculi |
| fragments of older osteons found between osteons | interstitial lamellae |
| lamellae that encircle the bone just beneath the periosteum | outer circumferential lamellae |
| lamellae that encircle the medullary cavity | inner circumferential lammelle |
| it consists of lamellae arranged in an irregular latticework of columns called | trabeculae |
| the space between the trabeculae of some bones are filled with red bone | marrow |
| the spongy bone tissue in the hip bones, ribs, breastbone, backbones, and the ends of long bones is the only site of--- bone marrow and of hemopoiesis in adults | red |
| supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone | periostea arteries |
| enters through the nutrients foramen. it divides into proximal and distal branches that supply the inner part of compact bone tissue of the diaphysis the spongy bone tissue and red marrow as far as the epiphyseal plates/lines | nutrient artery |
| enter the metaphases of a long bone to supply the metaphases along with the nutrient artery | epiphyseal arteries |
| several veins accompany their respective arteries to carry blood ---- from bones | away |
| the periosteum is rich in ---- which carry pain sensations resulting in severe pain from a fracture or bone tumor | nerves |
| the process by which bones forms | ossification,osteogenesis |
| ossification begins during the ----- or ------ week of embryonic life | sixth, seventh |
| formation of bone directly on or within fibrous connective tissue membranes (they do not go through a cartilage) | inter membranous ossification |
| formation of bone within hyaline cartilage (the cartilage is gradually replaced with bone) | endochondral ossification |
| bones grow in leg that the ---- a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysics of a growing bone | epiphyseal plate |
| bone growth between ages of --- and --- the epiphyseal plates close growing in length stops although they may continue thicken | 18 and 25 |
| lengthwise growth of bones is complete earlier in ---- than | females, males |
| boney feature left when the epiphyseal plate closes ( all the cartilage is replaced by bone) | epiphyseal line |
| is the last bone to stop growing | clavicle |
| age Childs age from birth | chronological age |
| age maturity in bones appearance | bone age |
| bones grow in thickness or diameter by ----- (from the outside in due to surface deposition) | appositional growth |
| growth and maintenance of bone depends on adequate dietary intake of | vitamins and minerals |
| growth and maintenance of bone depends on sufficient levels of | hormones |
| produced by bone tissue and the liver | insulin like growth factors |
| produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland | human growth hormones |
| produced by the pancreas | insulin |
| at puberty ovaries secrete ----- and testis secrete---- (hormones known as sex steroids | estrogen, androgen |
| an ongoing process of old bone tissue being replaced by new bone tissue | bone remodeling |
| the breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclasts | bone resorption |
| once bone resorption is complete osteoblasts move in to rebuild the bone in that area | bone deposition |
| a thick bump which forms if bone tissue becomes overly calcified | spur |
| any break in a bone | fracture |
| the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin | open (compound) |
| broken bone does not break the skin | closed simple |
| anatomical alignment of bone fragments is not preserved | displaced |
| the anatomical alignment of bone fragments in preserved | nondisplaced |
| fracture that pulls bone and other tissues from usual attachments | avulsion |
| the bone splinters at the site of impact and smaller bone fragments lie between two main fragments | comminuted |
| a fracture with injury to neighboring soft tissues | compicated |
| a partial fracture in which one side is broken and the other bends | greenstick |
| one end of the fractured bone is driven into the interior of the other | impacted |
| a type of stress fracture that results from disease processes such as osteoporosis | pathological (neoplastic) |
| the fracture line has a spiral appearance usually results from a severe twisting of the bone | spiral |
| series of microscopic fissures or fractures resulting from inability to withstand repeated stressful impact | stress |
| fx of the distal end of the fifth metacarpal with posterior displacement of the proximal structures | boxer |
| double vertical fractures of the pelvis on the same side | bucket handle |
| avulsion fx of the spinous process in the lower cervical and upper thoracic region | clay shovelers |
| fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly | colles |
| fx of the posterior elements of the cervical vertebra with the dislocation of c2 due to hyperextension | hangmans |
| comminuted fx of the ring of c1 | Jeffersons |
| fracture of the distal ends of the lateral leg bone with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation | potts |
| fx in which cracks emerge from central point | stellate |
| fx of the lateral and medial malleoli of the ankle joint with an additional fx of the posterior edge of the distal tibia | trimalleolar |
| blood leaks from the torn ends of vessels and forms a clot around the fracture site usually forms 6-8 hours after the injury | formation of fracture hematoma |
| development of a mass of repair tissue that bridges the broken ends of bone lasts about 3 weeks | fibrocartilage callus formation |
| fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone referred to as bony callus last 3-4 months | bony callus formation |
| tissue is replaced with new bone tissue the process of brining the fractured ends of bone into alignment | reduction |
| the fractured ends are brought into alignment by manual manipulation and skin remains intact | closed reduction |
| fractured ends are brought into alignment by surgical procedure in which internal fixation dives are used | open reduction |
| bone is a major--- storing ---- of total body calcium | calcium,99% |
| when the blood calcium level decreases bone ---calcium into the blood plasma. when the level rises bone ---calcium back | releases, takes |
| bones become ---- when placed under stress such as contraction of skeletal muscles pull of gravity and weight bearing activities | stronger |
| which is a loss of bone mass that results from the loss of calcium and other minerals from bone matrix | demineralization |
| results from a lowered rate of protein synthesis | brittleness |
| a condition of porous bones | osteoporosis |
| disorders in which bones fail to calcify | rickets and osteomalacia |
| excessive secretion of the parathyroid hormone which causes increased resorption of calcium from the bones | hyperparathyroidism |
| the system formed from the bones muscles and joints together | musculoskeletalsystem |
| branch of medicine concerned with the prevention or correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system | orthopedics |
| the adult human skeleton consist of --- named bones | 206 |
| an imaginary vertical line that runs through the body center of gravity extending through he head to the space between the feet | longitudinal axis |
| consists of 80 bones arranged along the longitudinal axis | axial |
| consist of 126 bones ` | appendicular |
| attaches bone to bone | ligament |
| attaches muscle to bone | tendon |
| which form joints or allow the passage of soft tissues | depressions and openings |
| are projections or outgrowth the either helps form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue | processes |
Created by:
Hstine86