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BIOCHEM Lecture 01
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nonpolar covalent bond | 0.0-0.4, electrons equally shared |
| polar covalent bond | 0.4-2.0, electrons unequally shared |
| ionic bond | > 2.0, electrons transferred |
| polar molecules | have partially charged poles |
| nonpolar molecules | lack partially charged poles |
| electrostatic forces | forces between permanently charged molecules |
| hydrogen bonding | dipole dipole interaction |
| van der Waals forces | forces between temporarily charged molecules |
| strengths of interactions (strongest to weakest) | covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der waals |
| hydrophobic effects | between nonpolar molecules when surrounded by polar molecules |
| 4 types of macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| monomer | small chemical subunit |
| polymer | chain of monomers |
| carbohydrate monomer and polymer | monosaccharide, polysaccharide |
| lipid monomer and polymer | fatty acid, lipid |
| nucleic acid monomer and polymer | nucleotide, nucleic acid |
| protein monomer and polymer | amino acid, protein |
| how are monomers linked? | dehydration/condensation reactions create covalent bond |
| how are monomers conserved? | cells have the same monomers so they can be used to make a variety of cell structures |
| how are polymers broken apart? | hydrolysis breaks covalent bond |
| carbohydrates | hydrophilic organic molecules |
| carbohydrate formula | (CH2O)n |
| monosaccharides | carbohydrate monomer, C6H12O6, glucose, galactose, and fructose |
| disaccharides | smallest carbohydrate polymer, sucrose, lactose, and maltose |
| polysaccharides | long carbohydrate polymers, glycogen, starch, and cellulose |
| glycogen | energy storage in animal cells |
| starch | energy storage in plant cells |
| cellulose | structural component of plant cells |
| conjugated carbohydrate | covalently bound to lipid or protein, can act as markers |
| lipids | hydrophobic organic molecule, more energy than carbohydrates |
| types of lipids | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids |
| fatty acids | carboxyl group, methyl group, and hydrocarbon chain |
| saturated | single bonds |
| unsaturated | double bond between carbons |
| polyunsaturated | multiple double bonds between carbons |
| triglycerides | three fatty acids covalently bound to glycerol backbone |
| triglyceride function | energy storage |
| phospholipids | glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group |
| phospholipid function | structural component of cell membrane |
| amphiphilic | fatty acids are hydrophobic and phosphate heads are hydrophilic |
| steroids | 17 carbon atoms in four rings |
| steroid function | signaling molecule, impact protein production |
| cholesterol | parent steroid, synthesized only by animals, important for cell membranes |
| nucleotides | nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group |
| nucleotide monomers | ATP, GTP, cAMP |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates |
| ATP function | energy transfer molecule, releases quick energy |
| ATP hydrolysis | ATPase breaks third phosphate bond to produce ADP and energy |
| ATP phosphorylation | kinase adds free phosphate group |
| Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP) | guanine, ribose, and 3 phosphates |
| GTP function | energy transfer, donates phosphate group |
| cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | adenine, ribose, and 1 phosphate group |
| cAMP function | secondary messenger |
| nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic information |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, intermediate between DNA and protein |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| Ribozymes | RNA catalysts |
| DNA and RNA similarities | both have phosphate group and nitrogenous base |
| DNA and RNA differences | sugar: ribose vs deoxyribose base: uracil vs thymine |
| purines | two rings, A and G |
| pyrimidines | one ring, T, C, and U |
| polynucleotides | sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases |
| RNA polynucleotide | 1 strand |
| DNA polynucleotide | 2 strands |
| how is the double helix formed? | hydrogen bonding between base pairs |
| A-T | 2 hydrogen bonds |
| G-C | 3 hydrogen bonds |
| protein monomer | amino acids, central alpha carbon with amino group, carboxyl group, and R group |
| polar charged amino acid | full charge on R group |
| polar uncharged amino acid | R group has O, bun no charge |
| nonpolar amino acid | R group has symmetry and lacks O |
| glycine | can fit in hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, where two polypeptides come together |
| cysteine | only amino acid that can covalently bond using R group, disulfide bond |
| peptide | tow or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| peptide bond | covalent bond formed by dehydration between amino acids |
| Protein structure levels | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| primary protein structure | sequence of amino acids |
| secondary protein structure | alpha helices and beta sheets |
| tertiary protein structure | secondary structure folds into a unique shape |
| quaternary protein structure | protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain |
| protein functions | structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion |
| covalent bonds in membrane | between phosphate heads and fatty acid tails, within proteins, between sugars |
| hydrophobic interactions in membrane | within fatty acid tails, between fatty acids and proteins |
| dipole dipole interactions in membrane | between water and proteins and phosphate heads |
| van der waals interactions in membrane | within fatty acid tails, between fatty acids and proteins |
| the central dogma | DNA, transcription, RNA, translation, Protein |
| transcription | ribonucleotides added by base pairing with deoxyribonucleotides through hydrogen bonding |
| translation | ribosome catalyzes amino acid production based on RNA sequence |
| glycoproteins and glycolipids | markers on the outside of cells |
| cytoskeleton | microtubule, microfilament, and intermediate filament |
| microtubule | vesicles move across within the cell |
| microfilament | structure |
| intermediate filament | hold organelles in place |
| mitochondria | site of energy production, two membranes and matrix |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | bound with ribosomes, protein synthesis that need membranes |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | make lipids and membranes |
| lysosomes | digestive enzyme |
| water ionization formula | [H+] [OH-] = 1 x10^-14 |
| acid ionization formula | [H+] [A-] / [HA] |
| Ka/pKa conversion | pKa = -logKa |
| pKa and Ka relationship | low pKa = high Ka, low pKa = acid |
| pH/pKa conversion | pH = pKa + log ([A-] / [HA]) |
| pH > pKa | deprotonated, basic form |
| pH < pKa | protonated, acid form |
| pH = pKa | equal concentrations |
| buffer | resists change in pH |
| common buffers | carbonates, proteins, and phosphates |
Created by:
r.logan6029
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