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Macromolecules
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Fatty acid | One component of a triglyceride |
| Macromolecule | A very large molecule (as of a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate) built up from smaller chemical structures |
| Carboxyl group | -COOH Organic acids contain this functional group |
| Amino group | A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms |
| Carbon | Non-metal that can form 4 bonds with other elements, the element that is found in all living things |
| Triglyceride | The building blocks of lipids: made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. |
| Glucose | A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. |
| Macromolecule | A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules. |
| Polymer | A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers. |
| Monomer | A molecule of any compound that can react with other molecules of the same or different compound to form a polymer. Each biological macromolecule has characteristic monomers. |
| Carbohydrate | "Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)" |
| Protein | Class of nutrients made up of amino acids. They are needed to build and repair body structures, and to regulate processes in the body |
| Lipid | Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store food energy until needed (Fats) |
| Nucleic acid | A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information. |
| Amino acid | Building blocks of protein |
| Monosaccharide | A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |
| Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together |
| Glucose | A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. |
| Disaccharide | A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose |
| Polysaccharide | A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis. a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together |
| Monosaccharide | A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |
| Saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid with a carbon chain full of hydrogen atoms, meaning no carbon-carbon double bonds; usually from animal sources and solid at room temperature. |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Fatty acid with a carbon chain that includes one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.from plant sources and liquid at room temperature. Monounsaturated fatty acids have 1 carboncarbon double bond and polyunsaturated fatty acids have 2 or more double bonds. |
| Macromolecules | Four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) |
| Polymer | Large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together |
| Monomer | A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers |
| Carbohydrates | Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
| Starch | a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in plants |
| Glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage complex carbohydrate found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
| Cellulose | complex carbohydrate consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls, never branched and has beta linkages |
| Lipids | energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, hydrophobic |
| Fat | constructed from glycerol and fatty acids |
| Fatty acids | unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids |
| Phospholipids | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. |
| Proteins | contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids. |
| Amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| Nucleic acid | macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus |
| DNA | double stranded and shaped like a double helix, stores hereditary information |
| RNA | single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose, various functions during gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes |
| Nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases |
| Dehydration synthesis | Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.~ (small monomers to large polymers ) |
| Hydrolysis reaction | A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water |
| Polimerization | joining monomers to form a polymer |
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