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It is the study of the properties of the compounds of carbon.
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. Inorganic carbon compounds include the:
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Lab Activities
Laboratory Activities 1-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| It is the study of the properties of the compounds of carbon. | Organic chemistry |
| . Inorganic carbon compounds include the: | 1. oxides of carbon 2. bicarbonates and carbonates of metal ions 3. metal cyanides |
| When you try dissolving salt and lard in a water, which substance will be dissolved? | Salt |
| Now get a small amount of sugar and place this in a small container. Try dissolving it in 2 tablespoons of rubbing alcohol. Did it dissolved? | No |
| Inorganic or Organic: Water | Inorganic |
| Inorganic or Organic: Salt | Inorganic |
| Inorganic or Organic: Sugar | Organic |
| Inorganic or Organic: Rubbing alcohol | Organic |
| What conclusion can you derive from this simple experiment regarding the solubility of organic and inorganic compounds? | Organic solutes are soluble in organic solvents while inorganic solutes are soluble in inorganic solvents. Like dissolves like. |
| Sugar which is an organic compound melts when heated while salt which is an inorganic compound does not melt when heated. This shows that? | Organic compounds have lower melting point while inorganic compounds have higher melting point |
| What is the appearance of salt and sugar before heating? | Salt is white; Sugar is white or brown |
| What is the taste of salt and sugar before heating? | Salt is salty; Sugar is sweet |
| What is the taste of salt and sugar after heating? | Salt is salty; Sugar is bitter |
| After heating a sugar, does the product have the same compound? | Yes |
| Make a general statement as to the difference in stability towards heat of organic and inorganic compounds. | Organic compounds are less stable to heat than inorganic compound |
| What is the color of the flame from LPG? | Blue; Yellow |
| Try lighting a candle and observe the color of the flame | Yellow |
| What is candle made of? | Alkanes |
| What conclusion can you make about the combustibility of organic compounds? | Organic compounds are combustible |
| These are saturated hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are linked with one another and with hydrogen atoms by single covalent sigma (σ) bonds. | Alkanes |
| . Alkanes do not undergo any ___________ however; it can undergo ______________ | addition reaction; substitution reactions |
| These are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain carbon-to-carbon double bond | Alkenes |
| Other term for alkanes | Paraffins |
| Other term for alkenes | Olefins |
| The carbon-to-carbon double bond is known as? | Ethylenic linkage |
| Why are alkenes quite reactive and can undergo addition reactions readily with different reagents? | Because of the presence of pi-bond |
| These are aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain carbon-to-carbon triple bond | Alkynes |
| Those that have the benzene ring in their structure | Aromatic hydrocarbons |
| How is acetylene prepared? | By adding water to calcium carbide or locally known as "Kalburo" |
| Write the reaction between Calcium carbide (kalburo) and water | CaC2 + 2H2O --> HC=CH + Ca(OH)2 |
| Four test tubes contain 1 mL each of an alkane, alkene, alkyne and benzene. Five (5) mL of water is added into each test tubes and then shaken. What do you think will happen? | All hydrocarbons used were insoluble in water |
| What generalization can you derive regarding the solubility of hydrocarbons in water? | Hydrocarbons are insoluble in water |
| Write the equation for the halogenation (using Br) of methane | CH4+Br2 --> CH3Br + HBr |
| Write the equation for the halogenation (using Br) of ethene | CH2=CH2 + Br2 --> CH2Br-CH2Br |
| Write the equation for the halogenation (using Br) of acetylene | HC≡CH + Br2 --> CHBr=CHBr or HC≡CH + 2Br2 --> CH2Br-CH2Br |
| Write the equation for the halogenation (using Br) of benzene | C6H6 + Br2 --> C6H5Br + HBr |
| Why are methane and benzene; ethene and acetylene similar when they had undergone halogenation? | Because methane and benzene have undergone substitution reaction while ethene and acetylene have undergone addition reaction |
| What type of reaction is indicated by the production of HBr? | Substitution Reaction |
| How do you detect the production of HBr? | Through the use of litmus paper. Blue litmus paper turns to red indicating the presence of acid |
| What is the expected color when Baeyer's reagent is added to methane? | Purple |
| What is the expected color when Baeyer's reagent is added to ethene? | Brown |
| What is the expected color when Baeyer's reagent is added to acetylene? | Brown |
| What is the expected color when Baeyer's reagent is added to benzene? | Purple |
| What is the composition of Baeyer’s reagent? What is its color? | KMnO4; purple |
| What color change is observed for a positive Baeyer's test? | Brown |
| What is the Baeyer’s test for? | Test for unsaturation |
| Four test tube contain 1 mL of methane, ethene, acetylene and benzene. Into each of the test tubes, 2 mL of ammoniacal silver nitrate was added. Which of the four test tubes will give a positive result? | Acetylene |
| A cylinder of compressed gas has no identifying markings, the gas is flammable and could either be propane or propene. What one step test can be used to identify its contents? Elaborate your answer. | Perform Baeyer's Test |
| It is a clear volatile liquid with a strong smell like ether. | Chloroform |
| True or False: Chloroform was once administered by inhalation to produce anesthesia and given as an analgesic, and a remedy for cough. Later, it was found out that it is quite toxic to the kidneys and the liver | True |
| He, introduced chloroform as an anesthetic agent for childbirth in 1847. | Sir James Young Simpson |
| Who is Sir James Young Simpson | A prominent obstetrician and professor of medicine and midwifery in Edinburgh |
| What toxic gas is formed when chloroform is exposed to oxygen and sunlight? | Phosgene |
| Is Chloroform soluble in water? | No |
| If you were to mix chloroform with water, where will the chloroform layer be? | Bottom layer |
| Why is the chloroform in the bottom layer when mixed with water? | Because chloroform is denser than water |
| Compare the density of haloalkanes with water | Haloalkanes are denser than water |
| Compare the density of haloalkanes with other hydrocarbon derivatives. | Haloalkanes are denser than other hydrocarbon derivatives |
| Make a general statement as to the combustibility of haloalkanes. | Haloalkanes are non combustible |
| What is the physical state of chloroform? | Liquid |
| What is the physical state of carbon tetrachloride? | Liquid |
| What is the physical state of tetrafluormethane? | Gas |
| It is an organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl functional groups | Alcohol |
| The hydroxyl group is also found in complex molecules such as? | 1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Vitamins and hormones |
| Alcohols are the hydroxyl derivatives of? | Aliphatic hydrocarbons |
| Alcohols containing more than three hydroxyl groups are called? | Polyhydric alcohols |
| The general formula of alcohols is? | R-OH |
| In R-OH, R is an? | alkyl group |
| In R-OH, the -OH is? | the functional group of alcohols |
| Hydrogen bonding affects the (1), (2), (3), (4) of alcohols | 1. Solubility 2. Boiling point 3. Viscosity 4. Odor |
| Take a look at your rubbing alcohol at home. What is its main composition? | Ethyl Alcohol |
| True or False: Rubbing alcohol is insoluble in water | False |
| What generalization can you make about the solubility of low molecular weight alcohol in water? | Low molecular weight alcohol is soluble in water |
| Is rubbing alcohol combustible? | Yes |
| What are the two tests for methyl alcohol? | 1. Salicylic Acid Test 2. Resorcinol Test |
| Methyl alcohol with salicylic acid and conc. Sulfuric acid will give? | Methyl salicylate or oil of wintergreen, a compound with an odor of peppermint |
| This is an indirect test for methanol | Resorcinol Test |
| What color is produced at the junction of the two liquids in a resorcinol test? | Red Junction |
| What are the two tests for ethyl alcohol? | 1. Iodoform Test 2. Lucas's Test |
| What is produce in an iodoform test? | Yellow color with an antiseptic odor |
| What other hydrocarbon derivatives give a positive result to iodoform test? | Secondary alcohol |
| What reagent is used in Lucas' test? | Conc. HCl containing one mole of zinc chloride in one mole of the acid |
| Lucas' Test: ROH + HCl ---> | RCl + HOH |
| What are the product of a Lucas' test? | alkyl halide and water |
| When ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and tert-butyl alcohol is tested with Lucas' test, which will give a positive result? | Tert-butyl alcohol |
| Arrange the order by which ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol undergo oxidation from the fastest to the slowest. | Ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol |
| Dehydration of glycerol by KHSO4 produces? | Acrolein |
| What does acrolein produce? | Acrid odor - a very disagreeable odor |
| What is the chemical name of acrolein? | 2 propenal |
| What is the color produced when ferric chloride is added to phenol? | Purple |
| What is the color produced when ferric chloride is added to salicylic acid? | Earth color |
| What is the color produced when ferric chloride is added to resorcinol? | Earth color |
| What is the color produced when ferric chloride is added to picric acid? | Earth color |
| What is the color produced when Millon's reagent is added to phenol? | Flesh Precipitate |
| What is the color produced when Millon's reagent is added to salicylic acid | Flesh Precipitate |
| What is the color produced when Millon's reagent is added to resorcinol | Flesh Precipitate |
| What is the color produced when Millon's reagent is added to picric acid | Flesh Precipitate |
| It contain the functional group –CHO known as aldehyde group | Aldehydes |
| It contain the functional group –C=O, known as the ketonic group. | Ketones |
| In Brady's Test, what color gives a positive result? | Orange |
| When potassium permanganate is added to formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone. Which of these will give a positive result? | Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde |
| When potassium permanganate is added to formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone. Which of these did not change into blue green? | Acetone |
| Based on these theoretical results, what generalization can you make about the oxidation reactions of aldehydes and ketones? | Aldehydes can be oxidized while ketones cannot be oxidized |
| What is the positive result of Tollen’s test? | Silver Mirror |
| Supposing 4 test tubes contain formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone and tollen's reagent is added in each tube. Which will give a positive result? | All except acetone |
| Fehling’s reagent is composed of Fehling’s A and B. These are mixed prior to use and should result in a? | Royal blue solution |
| What is the composition of Fehling’s A? | Copper (II) sulfate |
| What is the composition of Fehling’s B? | Potassium sodium tartrate and strong alkali |
| Suppose 4 test tube containing 1 mL of formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone is mixed with 2 mL of Fehling’s reagent and then heated in a water bath for 5 – 10 minutes. What is the positive result for this test? | Formation of brick red precipitate |
| Among formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone. Which will give a positive result to Fehling's Test? | Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde |
| What are mixed to produce legal's reagent? | 1 g each of sodium nitroprusside, ammonium sulfate and sodium carbonate |
| If formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were tested with Legal’s reagent, which of these will give a positive result? | Acetone |
| Describe the positive result of Legal’s test. | Violet-red color |
| Which hydrocarbon derivative is detected by Legal’s test? | Ketone |
| Imagine that 5 drops of Schiff's reagent is added to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and ketone. Which of them will give a positive result? | All except ketone |
| Describe the positive result of Schiff’s test | Red-violet color |
| Which hydrocarbon derivative is detected by Schiff’s test? | Aldehydes |
| Positive or Negative for Brady's Test; 1. Formaldehyde 2. Acetaldehyde 3. Benzaldehyde 4. Acetone | 1. Formaldehyde - Positive 2. Acetaldehyde - Positive 3. Benzaldehyde - Positive 4. Acetone - Positive |
| Positive or Negative for KMnO4; 1. Formaldehyde 2. Acetaldehyde 3. Benzaldehyde 4. Acetone | 1. Formaldehyde - Positive 2. Acetaldehyde - Positive 3. Benzaldehyde - Positive 4. Acetone - Negative |
| Positive or Negative for Tollen's Test; 1. Formaldehyde 2. Acetaldehyde 3. Benzaldehyde 4. Acetone | 1. Formaldehyde - Positive 2. Acetaldehyde - Positive 3. Benzaldehyde - Positive 4. Acetone - Negative |
| Positive or Negative for Fehling's Test; 1. Formaldehyde 2. Acetaldehyde 3. Benzaldehyde 4. Acetone | 1. Formaldehyde - Positive 2. Acetaldehyde - Positive 3. Benzaldehyde - Negative 4. Acetone - Negative |
| Positive or Negative for Legal's Test; 1. Formaldehyde 2. Acetaldehyde 3. Benzaldehyde 4. Acetone | 1. Formaldehyde - Negative 2. Acetaldehyde - Negative 3. Benzaldehyde - Negative 4. Acetone - Positive |
| Positive or Negative for Schiff's Test; 1. Formaldehyde 2. Acetaldehyde 3. Benzaldehyde 4. Acetone | 1. Formaldehyde - Positive 2. Acetaldehyde - Positive 3. Benzaldehyde - Positive 4. Acetone - Negative |
| What is observed in the milk test for formaldehyde? | Yellow |
| What is the practical application of milk test for formaldehyde? | To test the presence of formaldehyde in milk |
| They are distinguished by the presence of a carboxylic acid group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. | Carboxylic acid |
| Carboxylic acid can be written as? | -COOH |
| The most well-known carboxylic acid is? Commonly known as? | Ethanoic acid commonly known as vinegar |
| True or False: Carboxylic acids have both a polar carbonyl group and an –OH group. Carboxylic acids have some of the strongest intermolecular forces of nay functional group. | True |
| How many carbon atoms are there is formic acid? | 1 |
| How many carbon atoms are there in acetic acid? | 2 |
| How many carbon atoms are there in benzoic acid? | 7 |
| How many carbon atoms are there in salicylic acid? | 7 |
| What generalization can you make about the relationship of the size of the carboxylic acid to that of its physical state? | As the number of carbon atoms increase in carboxylic acid, its physical state becomes solid |
| Among formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, what do you think would be their behavior if dissolved in water? | Formic and acetic acids are soluble in water while benzoic acid and salicylic are insoluble |
| Describe the odor of vinegar. | Sour odor |
| Candle contains stearic acid, try to smell the candle and describe. | Waxy odor |
| What is the molecular weight of acetic acid? | 60 g/mol |
| What is the molecular weight of stearic acid? | 284.48 g/mol |
| Try to make a generalization about the odor of low molecular weight carboxylic acid as compared to high molecular weight carboxylic acid. | Low molecular weight carboxylic acids have strong sour odor while high molecular weight carboxylic acids are odorless |
| Compare the physical state of low molecular weight carboxylic acids to that of the high molecular weight carboxylic acids | Low molecular weight carboxylic acids are colorless liquids while high molecular weight carboxylic acids are solids |
| Add a drop of formic acid to the first set and a drop of acetic acid to the second set of litmus papers. What happened? | Blue turns to red |
| What is produced when sodium bicarbonate is added to acetic acid, formic acid, salicylic acid, and benzoic acid? | Bubbles |
| What gas is released in the reaction of carboxylic acids with sodium bicarbonate? | CO2 |
| Where does Mg Ribbon dissolves faster? Conc. acetic acid or HCl? | Mg Ribbon dissolves faster in HCl |
| What has produced in the reaction of carboxylic acids with metals? | H2 |
| True or False: Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, was first synthesized in 1893 by Felix Hofmann, a chemist for the German firm of Bayer | True |
| What is the odor for isoamyl acetate? | Banana or Pear |
| What is the odor for ethyl butyrate? | Pineapple |
| What is the odor for isoamyl isovalerate? | Apple |
| What is the odor for ethyl formate? | Rum |
| What is the odor for ethyl acetate? | Fruity odor (grape) |
| What is the odor for isoamyl acetate? | Banana |
| What is the odor for methyl acetate? | Pleasant odor (nail polish remover) |
| ISOAMYL ALCOHOL + ACETIC ACID + H2SO4 → | Isoamyl acetate + water |
| ETHYL ALCOHOL + BUTYRIC ACID + H2SO4 → | Ethyl butyrate + water |
| ISOAMYL ALCOHOL + ISOVALERIC ACID + H2SO4 → | Isoamyl isovalerate + water |
| ETHYL ALCOHOL + FORMIC ACID + H2SO4 → | Ethyl formate + water |
| ETHYL ALCOHOL + GLACIAL ACETIC ACID + H2SO4 → | Ethyl acetate + water |
| ISOAMYL ALCOHOL + GLACIAL ACETIC ACID + H2SO4 → | Isoamyl acetate + water |
| These are the nitrogen derivatives of carboxylic acid, having a carbonyl carbon attached to the amine group. | Amides |
| True or False: Low molecular weight amines are soluble in water to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Unsubstituted amides have higher melting and boiling points than comparable substituted amides. | True |
| True or False: Amides, unlike amines, are neutral. Amides undergo hydrolysis in acidic conditions to yield a carboxylic acid and an amine salt. Hydrolysis under basic conditions produces a carboxylate salt and an amine | True |
| True or False: Amides are often used as polymers, both commercially, as in nylon, or biologically, as in proteins | True |
| What is the functional group of amines? | R-NH2 |
| Neutral or Basic: Acetamide | Neutral |
| Urea | Neutral |
| Aniline | Basic |
| Ethylamine | Basic |
| Make a general statement as to the pH of amines and amides | Amines are basic while amides are neutral |
| What happens to the litmus paper when heated (urea)? | Red litmus paper turns to blue |
| What gas was evolved when heating urea? | Ammonia |
| What are the substances produced from the heating of urea? | Isocyanic acid and water |
| What color is produced in biuret test for diamides? | Violet |
| Biuret test is a general test for proteins, why does urea also give a positive result for this test? | Because of the presence of peptide bond |
| What color is produced in the ninhydrin test? | Color blue and violet |
| Ninhydrin test is a general test for which class of biomolecules? | Amino acids |
| Why does Ninhydrin test also give a positive result to amines? | Because of the presence of amine group |
| What is the predominant element present in all organic compounds? | Carbon |
| Which of the following best describes a substance if it loses its original properties after heating? a. Neither of the choices b. Both choices are correct c. Unstable towards heat d. Stable towards heat | c. Unstable towards heat |
| Which between alcohol and methane will produce blue color when ignited? | Alcohol |
| What branch of chemistry deals with the study of chemical compounds containing carbon? | Organic chemistry |
| Chloroform was once administered by inhalation to produce anesthesia. Later, it was found tout that it is quite toxic to the kidney and liver. | Both statement is correct |
| The solubility of chloroform is higher in water. The chloroform is usually on top of the water when they are mixed together. | Neither of the statement is correct |
| Alkynes are aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons that contain carbon-to-carbon triple bond. They are usually soluble in water. | Neither of the statement is correct |
| Which of the following is an evidence of chemical reaction or a positive result with Baeyer's test? a. Change in color from violet to brown b. Moisture on the walls of the test tube c. Sooty flame produced d. Formation of a two layered-mixture | a. Change in color from violet to brown |
| What is the product formed when tert-butyl alcohol is oxidized? | No reaction |
| Which among methane, ethene, benzene and acetylene will produce an acetylide salt when added with silver nitrate? | Acetylene |
| What class of compounds contains -OH group(s) attached to a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon? | Alcohol |
| Which of the following is NOT combustible? a. ethanol b. chloroform c. benzene d. phenol | b. chloroform |
| Lucas test is a test for what class of alcohol? | Tertiary alcohol |
| The Iodoform text is a test for what class or classes of alcohol/s? | Secondary alcohols |
| What organic liquid does not form a violet color or reacts positively after treatment with ferric acid? | Phenol |
| What is observed positive result for the Iodoform test? | Yellow precipitate |
| Which has the highest density? A. acetylene B. Methane C, Chloroform D, Ethene | C. Chloroform |
| What is the effect of formaldehyde on proteins? a. It coagulates protein b. It dissolves protein C. It dilutes protein D. All of the choices | C. It dilutes protein |
| What test is used to qualitatively detect the carbonyl functionality of a ketone or aldehyde? | Tollen's Test |
| What test in activity 5 is especially designed for ketones? | Legal's Test |
| Which of the following is a positive result in Tollen's Test? A. The formation of silver gray precipitate and when heated produces cracking sound B. The appearance of a silver mirror on the inner wall of the test tube | B |
| Which gas evolved when acetic acid reacts with magnesium ribbon? | Hydrogen gas |
| Which of the following is the odor produced by isoamyl acetate? a. banana b. orange c. rum d. vanilla | a. banana |
| DDT is a halogenated compound which is banned in the market. It was proven poisonous to animals. | Both statements are correct |
| Given the following reaction, identify its result using the given choices: Cyclohexane in Lucas Test a. Negative B. Positive C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B | A. Negative |
| Given the following reaction, identify its result using the given choices: Methane in Baeyer's Test A. Negative B. Positive C. Both A and B D. Neither A and B | A. Negative |
| Given the following reactions, identify its result using the given choices: Benzene in Bromination A. Negative B. Positive C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B | B. Positive |
| The presence of carbonyl group in both aldehydes and ketones is responsible for the similar behavior of aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones | Both statements are correct |
| Many carboxylic acids are solid at room temperature. Their high polarity make them quite soluble. | Both statements are correct |
| Rum odor is produced by what ester? | Ethyl formate |
| The addition of isoamyl alcohol to glacial acetic acid produces what odor? | Banana/Pear |
| In esterification, what reagent completes the reaction? | Sulfuric acid |
| What will be produced when sodium bicarbonate is added with acetic acid? | Bubbles |
| True or False: Low molecular weight carboxylic acids have powerful sour odor | True |
| Amides are the nitrogen derivatives of carboxylic acid, having a carbonyl carbon attached to the amine group. As with amines, the hydrogens may be replaced with R-groups. | Both statements are correct |
| High molecular weight amines are soluble in water to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Unsubstituted amides have higher melting and boiling points than comparable substituted amides. | Only the second statement is correct |
| Amines have functional group R-CONH2. Amines may be classified similar to alcohols depending on the number of R-groups attached to the nitrogen atom. | Only the second statement is correct |
| Which of the following compounds is basic? a. methanamide b. urea c. acetamide d. ethylamine | d. ethylamine |
| The addition of NaOH and CuSO4 to urea produced what color? | Violet |
| What is present in urea that renders it positive to Biuret test? | Peptide bond |
| True or False: Amine has strong odor compared with amide | True |
| This is an amine that is physiologically toxic substance which can easily absorbed thru the skin and affects the blood and the nervous system | Aniline |
| Which of the following will give positive result to ninhydrin test? a. isoamyl acetate b. water c. aniline d. acetic acid | c. aniline |
| Amines are capable of forming hydrogen bonds and small amines are quite soluble in water. Amides can also form hydrogen bonds and also have a carbonyl carbon allowing additional dipole-dipole interactions to occur. | Both statements are correct |
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