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Anatomy
ch 9 Joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. T F A joint is a place where two bones meet. All joints are moveable. | False. All joints are not movable. |
| 2. There are four classifications of joints. List them in the order of least freedom of motion to most freedom of motion. | bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. |
| 3. Give an example of a bony joint and indicate the degree of movement at that joint. | A bony joint, or synostosis, is an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies. I.e.-An infant has right and left frontal and mandibular bones at birth, but these soon fuse into a single frontal bone and mandible. |
| 4. Give two examples of a fibrous joint and indicate the degree of movement at each joint. | A fibrous joint (synarthrosis or synarthrodial joint) has adjacent bones that are bound by collagen fibers; they consist of sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. |
| Serrate sutures | appear as wavy lines along which bones firmly interlock, similar to a dovetail joint; examples are the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures of the parietal bones. |
| gomphosis | like a nail hammered into wood; an example is the attachment of a tooth (which is not a bone) in its socket. Held in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament. Able to move or give a little under the stress of chewing. |
| 5. Give two examples of a cartilaginous joint and indicate the degree of movement at each joint. | In a cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis, or amphiarthrodial joint), two bones are linked by cartilage; the two types are synchondroses and symphyses. |
| synchondrosis | bones are bound by hyaline cartilage; an example is the temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child. |
| symphysis | two bones are joined by fibrocartilage. |
| 6. Identify the following parts of a synovial joint and tell the function of each: articular cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, meniscus, synovial fluid. | The most familiar type of joint is the synovial joint (diarthrosis, or diarthrodial joint). The general anatomy of a synovial joint includes several components: |
| articular cartilage | The facing surfaces of the two bones are covered with articular cartilage, a layer of hyaline cartilage about 2 or 3 mm thick. |
| joint cavity | A narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, lies between the bones surfaces, filled with slippery synovial fluid. |
| joint capsule | The cavity is enclosed by a ______, which is composed of outer fibrous capsule & inner synovial membrane. Synovial membr secretes synovial fluid. Most synovial joints highly movable. |
| articular disc | Some synovial joints contain a fibrocartilage ____, or... |
| meniscus | (in the knee) a pair of menisci, which absorb shock & pressure & guide bone movements, improve the fit betw bones, & stabilize the joint. |
| synovial fluid | in the joint cavity, which contains _____, for lubrication. |
| 7. Describe synovial fluid. | The inner synovial membrane is composed of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and is populated by macrophages. |
| 8. Describe a bursa. How is it different from a synovial joint? | fibrous sac filled w/ synovial fluid, located betw adjacent muscles, betw where a tendon passes over a bone, or betw bone & skin. |
| 9. What is a tendon sheath, and where are they most numerous in the body? | Tendon sheaths are elongated, cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon; they are especially seen in the hands and feet. |
| 10. Using figure 9.6 as a guide, list the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each. | There are six fundamental classes of synovial joints, distinguished by the shapes of the articular surfaces and degrees of freedom; one type is multiaxial, three are biaxial, and two are monaxial. |
| ball & socket (multiaxial) | allows movement in many directions around central pt. Greatest freedom of movement. Shoulder jt and hip jt. |
| Condylar (ellipsoid) | allows movement in two directions. Betw skull & Ist cervical vertebrae. Betw metacarpal & 1st phalanx (knuckle). |
| saddle joint (biaxial) | Joint betw wrist & the metacarpal bone of the thumb. |
| Plane (gliding) | Bone surfaces slide over one another. Joints in wrist and ankles. |
| Hinge (monaxial) | allows movement in one direction, changing angle of bones at joint. Elbow joint, joints betw phalanges of fingers and toes. |
| Pivot (monaxial) | Allows rotation around length of the bone. Jt betw 1st & 2nd cervical vertebrae; jt at proximal ends of the radius & ulna. |
| Some joints cannot be easily categorized into these six types, such as: | the temporomandibular joint; this has aspects of condylar, hinge, and plane joints. |
| 11. Be able to recognize/define the following types of movements of synovial joints: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, lateral excursion, | medial excursion, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, opposition, reposition, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion. |
| flexion | a bending motion, decreases angle betw bones. Bending fingers to close the hand. |
| hyperextension | extreme extension beyond the zero position. a. Each backswing of the lower limb when you walk hyperextends the hip. |
| abduction | away from the midline of the body; for example, moving feet apart to stand spread-legged or raising the arm to the side. |
| adduction | back to the midline. Bringing arms back to original position beside the body. |
| elevation, depression | is a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane; ______lowers a body part in the same plane. As in lowering of a bone, as in dropping the shoulders or opening the mouth. |
| protraction, retraction | anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane; retraction is the posterior movement. Exemplified by the shoulder movements in rowing a boat. |
| circumduction | one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion; for example, when an artist draws a circle. |
| rotation | a movement in which a bone turns on its long axis; for example, if the elbow is bent, and the forearm is moved side to side, the humerus of the arm rotates. Rotating the neck side to side. |
| supination, pronation | as in turning the palm up or forward; Pronation turns the palm down or backward. |
| lateral excursion, medial excursion | Chewing involved a grinding action with a side to side movement called lateral excursion and medial excursion. |
| opposition, reposition | Two terms are unique to the thumb—opposition is moving the thumb to touch the tip of any of the fingers; reposition is to return to zero position. |
| dorsiflexion | the foot is bent upward at the ankle, in planter flexion, toes point downward |
| plantar flexion | movement of the foot so the toes point downward. |
| inversion | act of turning sole inward, so that it faces the opposite foot. |
| eversion | turns the sole outward, away from the body. |
| 12. Distinguish between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Which one is an elderly person most likely to have and why? | Inflammatory jt dx. Common form=osteoarthritis, years of wear & tear on jt. RA more severe autoimmune % antibody rheumatoid factor wh damages synovial membranes. Severely crippling. |
Created by:
katrina11