Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Life-Span Psych
Ch 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| natural selection | Charles Darwin described ___ as the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to their environment are the ones that are most likely to survive and reproduce. |
| generation | Those that manage to survive and reproduce in a species pass on their traits to the next ___. |
| evolutionary psychology | A branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior. |
| fit | the ability to bear offspring that survive long enough to bear offspring of their own, |
| reproductive success | Natural selection favors behaviors that increase what? |
| brain, society | One important concept is than an extended childhood period might have evolved because humans require time to develop a large ___ and learn the complexity of human ___. |
| food-scarce | the ___ environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods, a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. |
| perhaps because older adults can care for the young | Why do humans live so long after their reproductive capacity has ended? |
| decreases | According to Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection ___ with age. |
| older adults | Natural selection has not weeded many harmful conditions/maladaptive traits that appear among ___. |
| first half of life | Baltes says selection primary operates during the ___. |
| Alzheimer disease | irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration. |
| culture | As the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age, the need for ___ increases. |
| post hoc | Common criticisms of evolutionary psychology are that it can't be tested scientifically and that it relies mainly on ___ (after the fact) explanations. |
| one-sided evolutionism | Bandura also criticizes what he calls "___ ___," which views social behavior as strictly the product of evolved biology. |
| bidirectional view | ___ ___, in which evolutionary pressures created change in biological structures that allowed the use of tools, which enabled our ancestors to manipulate the environment, constructing new environmental conditions. |
| behavior | Evolution has given us body structures and biological potentialities, but it does not dictate ___. |
| DNA | Our many traits/characteristics that are genetically influenced have a long evolutionary history that is retained in our ___. |
| nucleus | The ___ of each human cell contains chromosomes. |
| chromosomes | Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. |
| DNA | A complex molecule that has a double helix shape and contains genetic information. |
| genes | Units of hereditary information composed of DNA. They help cells to reproduce themselves and assemble proteins that direct body processes. |
| proteins | building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes. |
| human genome | The complete set of developmental information for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism. |
| genome-wide association method | Method used to identify genetic variations linked to a particular disorder (like cancers, obesity, depression, suicide, etc.) |
| Linkage analysis | Method in which the goal is to discover the location of one or more genes in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known). Often used in the search for disease genes. |
| 21,306 | The most recent humane gene figure is: |
| genetic expression | the activity of genes |
| methylation | Scientists have found that certain genes are tuned on or off as a result of exercise, mainly through a process called ___, in which tiny atoms attach themselves to the outside of a gene. |
| biochemical | Methylation makes the gene more or less capable of receiving/responding to ___ signals from the body. In this way the behavior of the gene, but not its structure, is changed. |
| 46 | All cells, except your sperm or eggs, have ___ chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. |
| Mitosis | Cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself; two new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| meiosis | A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes). |
| unpaired | By the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has 23 ___ chromosomes. |
| Fertilization | A stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote. |
| mutated gene | a permanently altered segment of DNA |
| Genotype | All of a person’s actual genetic material. |
| susceptibility genes | Genes that make an individual more vulnerable to accelerated aging or specific diseases such as COVID-19. |
| Longevity genes | Genes that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age. |
| Phenotype | Observable and measurable characteristics of an individual, such as height, hair color, and intelligence. |
| dominant | When one gene of a pair overrides the potential influence of the other gene, it is called ___. |
| recessive | When one gene of a pair is overridden by the other gene, it is called ___. |
| recessive | Most mutated genes are ___. |
| X-linked inheritance | When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called ___. |
| genetic imprinting | ___ is a chemical process that "silences" one member of the gene pair. |
| polygenically determined | Characteristics that are determined by the interaction of many different genes are said to be ___. |
| gene-gene interaction | The term ___ is increasingly used to describe studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development. |
| Behavior genetics | The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development. |
| Twin study | A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins. |
| Adoption study | A study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents, who provided a home environment, or more like their biological parents, |
| passive genotype-environment correlations | Correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. |
| evocative genotype-environment correlations | Correlations that exist when the child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments. Ex: cooperative, attentive children evoke more pleasant responses from adults around them than the opposite kind of children. |
| active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations | Correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating. |
| niche-picking | refers to finding a setting that is suited to one's genetically influenced abilities. |
| Epigenetic view | Perspective emphasizing that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment. |
| gene × environment (G × E) interaction | The interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment. |
| conception | When two parental cells, with their unique genetic contributions, join to create a new individual |
| 266 days | Prenatal development lasts around: |
| birth | prenatal development begins with the germinal period and ends with ___. |
| germinal period | The period of prenatal development that takes place during the first two weeks after conception; it includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the wall of the uterus. |
| embryonic period | The period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception. The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear. |
| alcohol use | One study confirmed that ethanol crosses the human placenta and primarily reflects maternal what? |
| oxidative stress | Another study revealed that cigarrete smoke weakens and increases the ___ ___ of fetal membranes from which the placenta develops. |
| fetal period | The prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months, on average. |
| viable | As early as 6 months of pregnancy, the fetus for the 1st time has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. That is, it is ___. |
| first | The germinal and embryonic periods occur in the ___ trimester. |
| end | The fetal period begins towards the ___ of the 1st trimester and continues though the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. |
| 12 weeks | At how many weeks is a human called a fetus? |
| first two primesters | The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled when? |
| ~21 days after conception | When does the neural tube form? |
| anencephaly and spina bifida | Two birth defects related to a failure of the neural tube to close are ...? |
| the highest | When fetuses have anencephaly, what regions of the brain fail to develop? |
| spinal cord, paralysis | Spina bifida is an imcomplete development of the ___ ___ that results in varying degrees of ___ of the lower limbs. |
| once the neural tube has closed | When does neurogenesis begin to take place? |
| 15 wks after conception | When does neural migration take place? |
| ~23rd prenatal week | When do connections between neuron begin to form? |
| ultrasound sonography | noninvasive prenatal medical procedure in which high-frequency sounds waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen. |
| microencephaly and spina bifida | what fetal diseases/abnormalities can ultrasound detect? |
| MRI | uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body's organs/structures. |
| images | MRI provides more detailed ___. |
| chorionic villus sampling | prenatal medical procedure in which a tiny tissue sample from the placenta is removed and analyzed |
| amniocentesis | sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn with syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders; small risk of miscarriage. |
| maternal blood screening | identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida and down syndrome, as well as congenital heart disease risk. |
| triple screen | measures 3 substances in the mother's blood in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy |
| teratogen | Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes. |
| critical period | a fixed time period early in development during which certain experiences/events can have a long-lasting effect on development |
| fetal period | at what stage of development are teratogens most likely to cause damage? |
| no | can you consume caffeine during pregnancy? |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) | A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy. |
| weight | Prenatal smoking leads to low what in infants? |
| microcephaly | rubella effect on infant where the head is small and undeveloped. |
| uterine contractions, baby's head enters birth canal, afterbirth (shortest stage) | labor occurs in three stages: |
| natural childbirth | Method of childbirth where maternal pain is reduced through education (breathing, relaxation techniques). |
| prepared childbirth | lamaze method; a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor and provides details about anatomy and physiology. |
| Aquatic birthing Massage, acupuncture, hypnosis Music therapy | Non-medicated techniques to reduce pain |
| birthing centers | may or may not be associated with a hospital, provides a safer environment in case of medical problems, while still granting a "home-like" feel and encourages family support. |
| sitting upright or seated on a birthing stool | most advantageous birthing position |
| inclined prone position | most used birthing positition in U.S. |
| cesarean | Fetal Monitoring - heart monitors have saved many infant lives, but have also contributed to many unnecessary ___ deliveries |
| medications | - can cross the placental barrier and affect infant (typically sluggish, poorer sucking reflex for a time, no evidence for long term effects as of yet) |
| analgesis | medicine that reduces overall pain levels |
| anesthetics | block sensations, make it harder for the mother to push during 2nd stage. |
| induced labor | performed when prolonged pregnancy or labor threatens the health of the fetus or mother (contractions are usually stronger, more irregular, and labor longer). |
| vernix caseosa | protective skin grease at birth |
| heart, reflexes, and color | apgar scale assesses what in newborn? |
| less than 5 ½ lbs | low wight in newborns? |
| less than 3 lbs | very low weight in newborns? |
| under 2 lbs | extremely low weight in newborns? |
| preterm | born in 35 weeks or less after conception |
| Learning difficulties, more behavioral problems | consequences of low birth weight (2) |
| kangaroo care | : skin-to-skin contact Stabilizes bodily functions (ie: breathing) Better sleep, weight gain, more alertness |
| bonding | Needs to occur shortly after birth; Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital; Rooming-in arrangements offered; Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development. |
Created by:
yulist820