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sociology
week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The _____ perspective emphasizes the social contexts in which people live. | sociological |
| A group of people who share a culture and a territory is known as a(n) | society |
| Auguste Comte is credited as being the founder of | sociology |
| The phrase "survival of the fittest" was coined by | Herbert Spencer. |
| _________believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production. | karl marx |
| Reliability refers to | the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results. |
| The _____ examined by sociologists are recurring characteristics or events. | pattern and behavior |
| Talcott Parsons was influential in | shifting sociology from reform to theory. |
| In _____, symbols are the key to understanding how we look at the world and communicate with one another. | symbolic interactionism |
| Who was the founder of conflict theory? | karl marx |
| The language, beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors passed from one generation to the next make up a group's | culture |
| _____ would be part of material culture. | hairstylist |
| Nonmaterial culture refers to a group's | ways of thinking and doing |
| One thing that can be said about material culture is that | d. there is nothing "natural" about it |
| Who is ethnocentric? | everyone |
| To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called | cultural relativism |
| Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is true? | Cultural relativism has come under attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating. |
| After a fairly short plane ride from New York City, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats, chickens, and motor scooters, rather than cars. Food, clothing, and carpets were being sold by street vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on | culture shock |
| Another term for nonmaterial culture that sociologists use is | symbolic culture |
| An advantage of knowing a culture's gestures is | being able to communicate with simplicity |
| The main way people communicate is through | language |
| The basis of culture is | language |
| The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that | language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it people understand the world based on their form of language. |
| People's _____ are their standard for discerning what is good and just in society. | values |
| A term for rules of behavior is | norms |
| When people break norms, they receive | negative sanctions |
| When someone is walking on the right side of the sidewalk, and you are walking faster and overtake them to their left, this is _____ in the United States. | folkway |
| If you kill another person, you have violated a society's | mores |
| Even just the thought of the violation of a _____ fills us with revulsion. | taboo |
| A world within the larger world of the dominant culture is a | subculture |
| How many subcultures does U.S. society contain? | thousands |
| Some of the values and norms of a _____ place it at odds with the dominant culture. | counter culture |
| Harold got up early and cleaned and polished his motorcycle, while Fabienne packed a picnic lunch. Their destination was a park on a lake about 50 miles away, where they would meet some friends who also liked to ride motorcycles on weekends. They soon got | subculture, counterculture |
| The core value of education has | changed over the years. College student goal is for most americans |
| Cultural imperialism is the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture. | True |
| Utilitarian organizations are organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need. | true |
| _____, can be described as larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited. | Secondary groups |
| Primary groups can be defined as small, informal groups of people who are closest to us. | true |
| Richard had lived on the street for almost a year. His days were busy with doing things necessary to survive at a basic level-finding shelter, keeping safe, panhandling for money, getting food and drink, washing, and finding dry clothes. Richard knew that | conflict theorist |
| A collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity is know as _______. | aggragate |
| What is the sociological significance of social structure? | it guides our behavior |
| Are street people influenced by a social structure? | yes |
| People learn behaviors and attitudes according to their _____ the social structure. | location in |
| Culture has a(n) _____ effect on people's lives. | profound |
| The _____ framework that determines what kind of people we become is culture. | broadest |
| Social class is based on | income, education, and occupational prestige. |
| Meritocracy is a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills. | true |
| Girish is a husband, a son, an entrepreneur, and an amateur ornithologist. A sociologist would say that these statuses or positions make up Girish's | status set |
| An instrumental leader is a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions. | false |
| Groups largely define how we think of ourselves. | true |
| Socialization is a lifelong process that reoccurs as we enter new phases of life, such as adulthood or senior age. | true |
| Nature is the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development, while nurture is the role that our social environment plays in self-development. | true |
| A _______ is a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests. | peer group |
| When we belong to a group, who has the right to judge our behavior? | the group |
| Conformity is the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms. | true |
| _____ is a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives. | |
| _____ is a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives. | caste system |
| A class system is the social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments. | true |
| _____ are the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers). | class traits |
| _____, is a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity. | Davis-Moore thesis |
| Global stratification is a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole. | true |
| ________ is a difference in social class between different members of the same generation. | intragenerational mobility. |
| Intergenerational mobility is a difference in social class between different generations of a family. | true |
| _____ is a socioeconomic system that divides society’s members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestig | social stratification |
| Standard of living is the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle. | true |
| the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation | Status consistency |
| Wealth is equivalent to all of the value of money and assets a person's family and friends have from, for example, work. | true |
| Income is the money earned from work and investments | true |
| ________ unions of spouses from different social categories. | Exogamous unions |
| Explain the difference between bilateral and unilateral descent. Using your own association with kinship, explain which type of descent applies to you? | Bilateral descent is used to determine one's ancestry through both mother and father's ancestors, whereas unilateral descent only requires the usage of one parent to determine the ancestry. My kinship association is accredited to bilateral descent because |
| polgmany | a man married to multiple women |
| Religion is a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person holds sacred or considers to be spiritually significant. | True |
| The term _____ describes various systems of belief and practice that define what people consider to be sacred or spiritual. | religion |
| Religious experience refers to the conviction or sensation that we are connected to “the divine”. | true |
| _____ are specific ideas members of a particular faith hold to be true, such as that Jesus Christ was the son of God, or that reincarnation exists. | religious beliefs |
| ________ believed religion reflects the social stratification of society and that it maintains inequality and perpetuates the status quo. | marx |
| From the ______ perspective, religion serves several purposes, like providing answers to spiritual mysteries, offering emotional comfort, and creating a place for social interaction and social control. | functionalist |
| _____ is the belief in multiple gods. | polytheism |
| Hinduism is the third-largest of the world’s religions, which holds the belief in a divine power that can manifest as different entities. | true |
| monotheism is a belief in a single god | true |
| ________ theory aims to understand the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education, as well as their societal repercussions. | feminist |
| _________ refers to the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture. | cultural transmission |
| Formal education describes the learning of academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum. | true |
| ________ is a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms. | educational |
| Hidden curriculum is the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission. | true |
| Xenophobia is an illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods. | true |
| _____ is a societal level of disjuncture between people seeking jobs and the jobs that are available. | structural unemployment |
| Socialism is an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as “state run”) of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society. | true |
| A ________ is two or more consecutive quarters of economic decline. | recession |
| Depolarization is a practice where the differences between low-end and high-end jobs become greater and the number of | false |
| ________ is a form of socialism under which individuals and cooperative groups exchange products with one another | mutualism |
| Mercantilism is an economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges. | true |
| ______ is an internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing | global commodity chains |
| A depression is a sustained recession across several economic sectors. | true |
| is a process where people exchange one form of goods or services for another. | bartering |
| Globalization has also led to the development of _____. | global commodity chains |
| focus on the way reality is socially constructed through day-to-day interaction and how society is composed of people communicating based on a shared understanding of symbols. | symbolic interactionists |
| explains that as a country's economy grows, its societal organization changes to become more like that of an industrialized society. | convergence theory |
| Plato, in ancient Greece, suggested a republic in which people shared their material goods. | true |
| The earliest agriculture was in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East around _______ years ago | 11.000-10,000 |
| ________ is another word for hydraulic fracturing, a method used to recover gas and oil from shale by drilling down into the earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and proprietary chemicals into the rock. | fracking |
| Demography is the study of populations. | true |
| _________ of a society is a measure noting the number of children born. | . fertility rate |
| Changing fertility, mortality, and migration rates make up the total _________, a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population. | population composition |
| Malthusian theory | According to Malthusian theory, three factors that would control the human population are war, famine, and disease. According to him, the human population works like a continuous cycle that keeps a balance within the world. However, the balance can be dis |
| _____ is the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration. | zero population growth |
| Cornucopian theory scoffs at the idea of humans wiping themselves out; it asserts that human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop. | true |
| _______ suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable four-stage model. _______ suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable four-stage model. | demographic transition theory |
| Urbanization is the study of the social, political, and economic relationships in cities, and someone specializing in urban sociology studies those relationships. | true |
| Asylum-seekers are defined as an individual who has been forced to leave his or her country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster, while refugees are those whose claim to refugee status has not been validated. | false |
| ______ are the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute in, but far enough away to allow for more space than city living affords. | suburbs |
| ______ was the first U.S. megalopolis. | NY |
| Gentrification occurs when members of the middle and upper classes enter and renovate city areas that have been historically less affluent while the poor urban underclass are forced by resulting price pressures to leave those neighborhoods for increasingl | true |
| _______ is a functionalist field of study that looks at on the relationship between people and their built and natural physical environments. | human ecology |
| __________ refers to the way in which minority group neighborhoods (populated primarily by people of color and members of low socioeconomic groups) are burdened with a disproportionate number of hazards, including toxic waste facilities, garbage dumps, an | environmental racism |
| Tarah is attending a sold-out Counting Crows concert at Madison Square Garden, with thousands of other Counting Crows fans. Tarah is part of a: | mass |
| The anti-drug campaign in the 1980’s encouraged students to “just say no” to put an end to drug use and drug violence. Which type of framing did this campaign use? | motivational |
| An airplane has crashed on a deserted island off the coast of Fiji. The survivors are forced to learn new behaviors in order to adapt to the situation and each other. This is an example of which theory? | emergent norm |
| When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, this is referred to as: | Frame alignment process |
| Which of the following is the best definition of social change? | The change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations |
| Which of the following is not a widely contributing factor in social change? | disease |
| Which of the following best defines a social movement? | A purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal |
| When news of Proposition 8 broke in California in 2008, hundreds of thousands of protestors came together using Twitter, Facebook, and the media to get their message of protest out. Which stage of Blumer and Tilly’s social movement outline represents this | Coalescence stage |
| The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is a non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C. which advocates for equal rights and marriage rights of gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual citizens. The HRC is a ____ group: | reform |
| Assembling perspective falls under which sociological perspective? | Interactionist |
Created by:
alohomora