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Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The word psyche is derived from the Greek word soul. | True |
| An empirical method for acquiring knowledge is one based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of ______? | logical argument or previous authorities |
| Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century, compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier. | True |
| The attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind was known as structuralism. | True |
| Functionalism does not focus on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment | False |
| Hysteria was an ancient diagnosis for disorders, primarily of women with a wide variety of symptoms, including physical symptoms and emotional disturbances, none of which had an apparent physical cause. Which psychologist theorized that many of his patien | Freud |
| The word Gestalt roughly translates to "whole". | True |
| a major emphasis of Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in_____. | perception |
| The approach of observing and controlling behavior came to be known as _____? | behaviorism |
| Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. | True |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs consists of how many stages? | 5 |
| The research interests of biological psychologists span a number of domains, including but not limited to, sensory and motor systems, sleep, drug use and abuse, ingestive behavior, reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity of the nervous system, | True |
| _____ psychology is the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions. | cognitive |
| Health psychology focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. | True |
| _______ psychology is the scientific study of development across a lifespan. | Developmental |
| Scientific research is a critical tool for successfully navigating our complex world. | true |
| In deductive reasoning ideas are tested against the empirical world; in ___________, empirical observations lead to new ideas. | Inductive reasoning |
| A theory is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena. | true |
| A hypothesis is a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct, and it is often worded as an if-then statement. | true |
| What type of research can find a relationship between two variables? | Correlational |
| In observational research, scientists are conducting a ____________ study when they focus on one person or just a few individuals | Clinical or case |
| If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context, which is called ______ | naturalistic observation |
| Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally, | true |
| When a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time, it is know as _________. | Cross-sectional research |
| Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. | True |
| Consciousness describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. | True |
| A woman’s menstrual cycle is an example of a _____. | Biological Rhythm |
| A circadian rhythm is a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. | True |
| ___________ is the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. | Homeostasis |
| Examples of things that can disrupt one's normal sleep patterns are: | jet lag, insomnia, and rotating shift work. |
| A person with a ________ does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. | sleep debt |
| How much sleep should the average 5 to 10 year old need each night? | 8-10 hours |
| Irritability, impaired immune system, increased heart rate variability, and growth suppression are all examples of: | negative consequences of sleep deprivation. |
| Evolutionary psychology is a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection. | True |
| A ________ is a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory | sleep spindle |
| Latent content is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. | false |
| _________ are dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state...a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dream’s content. | Lucid dreams |
| A parasomnia is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/ or experiences during sleep play a role. | True |
| A person with ________ has uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. | restless leg syndrome |
| Natural opioids, called opiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. | True |
| Associative learning occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment. | True |
| _______ is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events. Group of answer choices | classical conditioning |
| Ivan Pavlov’s research on the digestive system of dogs unexpectedly led to his discovery of the learning process now known as classical conditioning. | True |
| ______ a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism | An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
| A neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response. | True |
| An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with a conditioned stimulus. | False |
| In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as acquisition, when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. | True |
| When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called _________. | stimulus discrimination |
| __________ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. | habituation |
| John B. Watson used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of _______. | human emotion |
| What would keep researchers from performing studies like that of Watson and Little Albert? | Ethics |
| In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence | true |
| According to the ________, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated | law of effect |
| In positive reinforcement, a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior. In negative reinforcement, an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior | False |
| Punishment always increases a behavior. | False |
| In ____________, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. | observational learning |
| Vicarious reinforcement is the process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior. | True |
| _________ is the period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response. | acquisition |
| _______ is the unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment. | reflex |
| A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule is when a set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded. | True |
| Analytical intelligence is aligned with academic problem solving and computations. | True |
| The triarchic theory of intelligence is Sternberg's theory of intelligence that places focus on three facets of intelligence; practical, creative, and analytical. | True |
| Morpheme, not to be confused with morphine, is the largest unit of language that conveys no type of meaning. | False |
| Phoneme is the basic sound unit of a given language. | True |
| Schema is a physical construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related actions. | False |
| Dyslexia is a common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain. | True |
| Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others. An example of this is seeing a child cry and understanding that he/she is feeling sad or possibly hurt. | True |
| In your own words, define fluid intelligence. Provide a specific example of its use in your life. | Problem solving |
| Functional fixedness is the ability to see an object for its intended use as well as for uses other than what it is naturally intended. Example: Using a shoe to hammer in a nail in a wall in order to hang a photo. | False |
| Crystalized intelligence is characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. | true |
| anchoring bias | taking pre existing information as law |
| confirmation bias | how we gather information and interpret it |
| ________ is another name for short-term memory. | Working memory |
| An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________. | flashbulb memory |
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________. | blocking |
| When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement “Every good boy does fine” can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________. | acrostic |
| The self-referencing effect refers to ________. | making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you |
| In your own words, what are the portions of the body responsible for sexual behavior and motivation? | amygdala |
| Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others. | affiliation |
| ________ is an individual’s belief in her capability to complete some task. | self-efficacy |
| According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese. | one third |
| Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so. | medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
| _______ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed. | bulimia nervosa |
| Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task. | True |
| Sexual orientation is an emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both. | True |
| ________ is the motivation that arises from external factors or rewards. | Extrinsic |
| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is when physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time | True |
| Cognitive-mediational theory is when our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the response. | false |
| As a field, social psychology focuses on ________ in predicting human behavior. | Situational Factors |
| Collectivistic cultures are to ________ as individualistic cultures are to _______ | Situational; dispositional |
| A(n) ________ is a set of group expectations for appropriate thoughts and behaviors of its members. | Social norm |
| When it comes to buying clothes, teenagers often follow social norms; this is likely motivated by ________. | Fitting in |
| Attitudes describe our ________ of people, objects, and ideas. | Evaluations |
| In order for the central route to persuasion to be effective, the audience must be ________ and ________. | Analytical; motivated |
| In the Asch experiment, participants conformed due to ________ social influence. | Normative |
| Prejudice is to ________ as discrimination is to ________. | Feelings; behaviors |
| ________ occurs when the out-group is blamed for the in-group’s frustration. | Scapegoating |
| Typically, bullying from boys is to ________ as bullying from girls is to ________. | Physical harm; emotional harm |
| The bystander effect likely occurs due to ________. | Diffusion of responsibility |
| After moving to a new apartment building, research suggests that Sam will be most likely to become friends with ________. | His next door neighbor |
| The triangular theory of love is a model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. | True |
| Informational social influence is NOT conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information. | False |
| Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception. | True |
| Coping is mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including its cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces. | True |
| ? is a set of physiological reactions (increases in BP, Pulse, respiration rate, and sweat) that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; these reactions are produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. | Fight-or-Flight Response |
| _________ is peoples’ beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives. | Perceived control |
| Psychophysiological disorders are physical disorders or diseases in which symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors. | True |
| Type B is a psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by individuals who tend to be extremely competitive, impatient, rushed, and hostile toward others. | False |
| Negative effects of stress are most likely to be experienced when an event is perceived as ________. | threatening, and no clear options for dealing with it are apparent |
| At which stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to illness? | exhaustion |
| According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment? | death of spouse |
| What is one of the major criticisms of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? | It does not take into consideration how a person appraises an event. |
| The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ________. | lymphocytes |
| The most lethal dimension of Type A behavior pattern seems to be ________. | hostility |
| Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which of the following stressors? | terminal cancer |
| Relative to those with low levels of social support, individuals with high levels of social support ________. | tend to tolerate stress well |
| Which of the following is not one of the presumed components of happiness? | learning new skills |
| How does positive affect differ from optimism? | Positive affect involves feeling states, whereas optimism involves expectations. |
| A psychological disorder is a ________. | condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| Etiology is another word for ________. | causes |
| Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| What is comorbidity? | co-occurrence of two disorders |
| The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events. | diathesis-stress |
| ________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. | Anxiety |
| People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. | obsessive-compulsive |
| ________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt. | Suicidal ideation |
| Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder. | psychotic |
| Cultural competence is a therapist’s understanding of, and attention to, ________. | race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment |
| Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________. | relapse |
| Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease. | chronic |
| Aversive conditioning is a ________. | counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior |
| Who developed psychoanalysis? | Sigmund Freud |
| What is the goal of humanistic therapy? | helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves |
Created by:
BritneyLewis