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Intro to CJ Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to the text, relationships between citizens, government agencies and private business concerns with issues relating to contracts, hiring, equality of treatment, divorce, child custody, personal injury, etc. are considered to be areas of? | civil justice |
| The constitutional standard to search or arrest is: (two words, lower case) | probable cause |
| More laws = More ? (one word, plural, spelling counts) | violators |
| In the video in Chapter 1 about 911 calls, the young person in the video called 911 with a problem about? | math |
| The action of seizing someone by legal authority and taking them into custody is referred to as an ? (one word and spelling counts) | arrest |
| True or False: There are two ways to search, with a warrant or without a warrant | True |
| True or False: In most criminal criminal cases, which are minor in nature, defendants are usually released on their promise to appear in court. | True |
| In the case of Mapp vs Ohio, the Supreme Court addressed what important issue? | Exclusionary Rule |
| Facts and Circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime has been or is about to be committed describes what? | probable cause |
| The burden of proof in a civil trial is? | preponderance of the evidence |
| In a civil case, the person making the complaint is referred to as the? (one word and spelling counts) | plaintiff |
| True or False: In a civil case, the person being accused of wrong doing is referred to as the plaintiff | False |
| The burden of proof in a criminal case is? | Proof beyond a reasonable doubt |
| The latin term that means "wrong because the law says so" is? (two words and spelling counts) | mala prohibita |
| defendant | wrongdoer |
| plaintiff | victim |
| damages | money |
| criminal burden of proof | beyond a reasonable doubt |
| civil burden of proof | preponderance of evidence |
| Civil or criminal: contract dispute | civil case |
| Civil or Criminal: car theft | criminal case |
| In a criminal case, the person making the complaint is referred to as the? (one word and spelling counts) | complainant |
| felony | punishable by a year or more of incarceration |
| misdemeanor | punishable by up to one year of incarceration |
| infraction | monetary fines / lowest level |
| True or False: The United States has three levels of criminal justice: local, state & federal | False |
| True or False: Laws are not designed to promote moral beliefs | False |
| actual damages | designed to make one whole again |
| compensatory damages | designed to compensate for the future |
| punitive damages | designed to punish or send a message |
| Which of the following is one of the reasons why a lot of people do not report crime? | Embarassment Fear Don't think the cops will do anything No faith in the criminal justice process |
| True or False: The most reliable way to measure crime is by using raw figures | False |
| According to the video about the drop in crime in the 1990's, which of the following is NOT one of the reasons mentioned? | increased social awareness |
| One of the main problems with the UCR is? | Unreported crime |
| According to UCR chart in the chapter, which violent crime is committed the most nationwide? | aggravated assault |
| True or False: According to the UCR chart in Chapter 2, burglary is the most common property crime. | False |
| The two main sources of criminal justice data are? | UCR & NCVS |
| What is one of the main problems with the UCR based on the chapter video? | unreported crime |
| Which of the following is one of the crime typologies discussed in class? | Cyber crime Terrorism Firearms crime White collar crime |
| Since the early 1990's, the crime rate in America has? | Steadily dropped |
| The style of police described by James Q. Wilson as most interested in order maintenance, keep the peace and being informal is: | Watchman |
| True or False: Jerome Skolnick concluded there were three main police personality aspects: danger, isolation & authority | True |
| In the video about police subculture, what was meant by officers maintaining the edge? | Being in control of their surroundings |
| Based on the video in Chapter 6, what police characteristic is one of the main influences on the Blue Wall? | loyalty |
| According to the video in Chapter 6 about the use of force continuum, which action demonstrates the least amount of force? | presence |
| nonfeasance | failing to act when one has a legal responsibility to act |
| misfeasance | performing a lawful act in an improper manner |
| malfeasance | performing a wrongful or criminal act |
| Watchman Style | most interested in order maintenance / keeping the peace / informal |
| Legalistic Style | most interested in “going by the book” / enforce all laws / formal |
| Service Style | most interested in solving problems / works with the public / informal |
| True or False: The Rotten Barrel theory asserts that corrupt police officers are the product of the working environment within their agency which would require an examination of the entire police department. | True |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations from the 21st Century Task Force on Policing? | Better pay for police |
| Performing a lawful act in an improper manner is referred to as: | misfeasance |
| True or False: One of the early innovations in policing was the telephone. | True |
| True or False: There are two levels of policing: state and federal | False |
| The Metropolitan Police Act written by Sir Robert Peel called for an organized police force guided by? | military principles |
| Police forces were often used as sources of political patronage and control in the early days. | True |
| What modern day drug would compare to gin as contributing to a rising crime rate as it did back in London in the 1700s? | crack cocaine |
| According to the video on the Gin Craze, when people in England began to consume large amounts of gin, part of the reason for this mass consumption was because, early on, gin was associated with what? | medicine |
| The term "shire reeve" from the middle ages in England has morphed into what term that we use today? | sheriff |
| True or False: Under the mutual pledge system, every man was responsible for the conduct of every other man | True |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the things that a centralized state policing agency does? | Handles all aspects of parking enforcement |
| local law enforcement | transit police |
| state police | fish and wildlife agencies |
| federal police | Customs and Border Patrol |
| Miranda vs Arizona | 5th amendment & right to remain silent |
| Mapp vs Ohio | 4th amendment & exclusionary rule (states) |
| Weeks vs United States | 4th amendment & exclusionary rule (feds) |
| Terry vs Ohio | 4th amendment & stop/frisk |
| Gideon vs Wainwright | 6th amendment & right to an attorney |
| True or False: The two elements required for Miranda warnings are: 1. Custodial & 2. Interrogation | True |
| A patting down of the outer clothing of a suspect based upon reasonable suspicion, designed to protect a police officer and/or citizens from an attack with a weapon or a dangerous instrument while questioning that suspect is known as a: | Frisk |
| Legislative Branch | Makes the law |
| Judicial Branch | Interprets the law |
| Executive Branch | Enforces the law |
| True or False: Most suspects do not exercise their constitutional rights to remain silent or have counsel present. | True |
| True or False: According to the text, the three due process areas most relevant to policing are: 1. Domestic Violence 2. Motor Vehicle Stops 3. Response to 911 Calls. | False |
| One purpose behind the exclusionary rule is the exclusion of evidence obtained in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights will act as a deterrent to police misconduct | True |
| Which exception allows evidence to be admitted in court if knowledge of the evidence is gained from a separate, independent source that is completely unrelated to the illegality at hand? | Independent Source |
| The acronym to remember exceptions to search warrants is: | ACEPIPES |
| There are two ways to search and arrest: with a warrant and without a warrant | True |
| According to the video in Chapter 7, trial level federal courts are known referred to as? | United States District Courts |
| Which of the following is NOT under federal court jurisdiction? | Motor Vehicle Law |
| True or False: During the American Revolution, the courts were used as a forum to dispute unjust laws imposed by England such as taxing paper, tea, various other goods and trade with non-English nations. | True |
| According to the video about the bail system in Chapter 7, why are some judges in the U.S. incentivised to put people in jail? | Because they are elected |
| True or False: According to the text, 25-45% of criminal cases are handled with a plea bargain | False |
| Based on the video about the difference between state and federal courts, which of the following is NOT under federal court jurisdiction? | motor vehicle law |
| Trial or Grand: Proof Beyond a Reason Doubt | Trial Jury |
| Trial or Grand: Decides Innocence or Guilt | Trial Jury |
| Trial or Grand: Unanimous Decision | Trial Jury |
| Trial or Grand: Determines Probable Cause | Grand Jury |
| Trial or Grand: Does Not Decide Guilt or Punishment | Grand Jury |
| Majority Decision | Grand Jury |
| According to the above video, which of the following is a requirement to be on the Supreme Court of the United States? | Be nominated by the President of the United States |
| According to the video in Chapter 7, federalism means government power is divided between the national government and state government | True |
| The process of a negotiation involving the defendant, prosecutor and defense counsel who are in an agreement where the defendant pleas guilty, usually to a reduced charge, in exchange for a reduced punishment is referred to as? | plea bargain |
| The term for when the prosecution has presented evidence that is sufficient to convince a jury (or in he case of a bench trial, a judge) that the defendant is guilty as charged is? (two words, spelling counts) | legal guilt |
| According to the video about jury service in Chapter 9, which amendment to the Constitution gives us the right to a speedy and impartial trial? | 6th |
| The process that indicates a trial will begin within a reasonable amount of time and helps meet the speedy trial requirement is referred to as? (two words) | trial initiation |
| the process that is designed to limit jurors exposure to the media to avoid influencing their objectivity. | sequester |
| Trial level federal courts are referred to as: | United States District Court |
| True or False: There are three types of trials: jury trials, bench trials, and independent counsels. | False |
| Which defendant had their case determined by circumstantial evidence? | Scott Peterson |
| The term used to describe the worth of evidence that proves or disproves something is referred to as: (two words) | probative value |
| Evidence that is able to prove a fact without requiring the judge or jury to draw inferences is called: (two words) | direct evidence |
| According to the video in Chapter 9 on the real science of forensics, the facial recognition software that the Chicago Police Department uses is called? | NeoFace |
| According to the video about jury service, the average trial lasts | 1-2 days |
| According to the video in Chapter 8 on indigent defense, what percentage of people using a public defender plead guilty? | 95% |
| According to the video about Clarence Earl Gideon, what amendment, besides the 6th, was expanded as a result of his case? | 14th |
| According to the video about the power of the prosecutor in Chapter 8, the gate keeping process discussed is referred to as? | prosecutorial discretion |
| According to the video about the power of the prosecutor in Chapter 8, prosecutorial immunity means? | The prosecutor cannot be sued in civil court |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the main participants in the courtroom workgroup? | victim |
| According to the video in Chapter 8 on indigent defense, what percentage of arrested people qualify for a public defender? | 80% |
| According to the video about district attorneys, what is always the goal of the district attorney? | Fair and equal justice for everyone |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the things the bailiff does? | prepared the jury pool |
| According to the video about the power of the prosecutor in Chapter 8, at what point in history did plea bargaining appear in courtrooms? | After the Civil War |
| The type of deterrence that is focused towards preventing crime among the general population is referred to as? (one word, singular, spelling counts) | general |
| The type of deterrence that is focused towards preventing crimes in the future by criminal offenders is referred to as? (one word, singular, spelling counts? | specific |
| The belief that the punishment for committing a crime should have a direct relationship to the severity of the crime is referred to as: (one word and spelling counts) | proportionality |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the alternative sentencing options discussed in Chapter 10? | Public Humiliation |
| True or False: There are two types of deterrence: general and specific | True |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of present day sentencing discussed in class? | vengeance |
| concurrent | all at once |
| consecutive | all in a row |
| determinate | a fixed period of time |
| indeterminate | minimum to a maximum |
| According to the Rehabilitation versus Punishment video in Chapter 10, what is one of the biggest concerns / problems regarding people being released from prison? (one word and spelling counts) | recidivism |
| True or false: In relation to the death penalty phase of a capital case, aggravating factors make things better and mitigating factors make things worse. | False |
| According to the video in Chapter 10 about Restorative Justice, what percentage of people convicted of violent crimes will be arrested again? | 75% |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the main causes of violence in prisons? | Bad food |
| The common slang term for new inmates in prison is? (one word and spelling counts) | fish |
| A prisoner who looks to take advantage of constructive and helpful prison programming for education and employment opportunities is referred to as: | An opportunist |
| According to the text, the beliefs, customs, values, lifestyles and attitudes of inmates within a particular prison describes what? (two words, singular, spelling counts) | inmate subculture |
| Which of the following is NOT part of the inmate code? | Do things to improve yourself |
| True or False: According to the video on women in prison, women get more visitors than men. | False |
| The Mean Dude | The Mean Dude |
| Opportunist | a prisoner who looks to take advantage of constructive and helpful prison programming for education and employment opportunities. |
| Hedonist | a prisoner who formulates their prison experience through whatever pleasure can be found; i.e. drugs, gambling, sex, etc. |
| Legalist | a prisoner who battles the correctional system through the law, often referred to as a “jailhouse lawyer” |
| Realist | a prisoner who views their incarceration as simply a part of doing the business of criminals, obeys the inmate code, avoids trouble. |
| Religious | a prisoner who possesses or has developed strong bonds with their religion whether they are “born again” or experienced a “come to Jesus” moment. |
| The process where new inmates learn and absorb the customs and beliefs of the prison subculture and learn how to adapt to life in prison is referred to as? (one word and spelling counts) | prisonization |
| According to the text, a group of inmates who have created a family-type structure, with the goal of providing support, both emotionally and economically, as well as protection, to each other is referred to as? (two words, singular, spelling counts) | pseudo family |
| All Day | Life Sentence |
| Back door parole | to die in prison |
| banger | knife |
| hacks | corrections officers |
| kite | contraband note |
| ticket | disciplinary report |
| hole | solitary confinement |
| Out of the four categories of prison operations listed in Chapter 11, which one requires the most resources? | Custody |
| True or False: According to the text, there are four super maximum security correctional facilities in the United States that are spread strategically around the country. | False |
| The different programs and agencies that have the legal obligation for the care, custody, treatment, supervision, and punishment of those convicted of crimes. | corrections |
| True or False:There are three types of prison management models outlined in Chapter 11: 1. Participation Model 2. Control Model 3. Industry Model | False |
| The name of the program mentioned in the video that was designed for helping elderly inmates is the ? | Gold Coats Program |
| The country that has the highest number of people incarcerated is? | United States |
| Based on the video about women in jail, what percentage of them are mothers? | 80% |
| According to the video on mass incarceration, what is the main cause of mass incarceration in the United States? | Get tough on crime laws |
| Eastern State Penitentiary is located in what city? | Philadelphia |
| According to the video in Chapter 11, who was one of the more infamous criminals to have a stay at Eastern State Penitentiary? | Al Capone |
| The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the transfer from juvenile court to adult court discussed in class was: | Kent vs United States |
| According to the text, the following types of facilities began to emerge during what era? 1. Houses of Refuge 2. Reformatories 3. Facilities for female juvenile offenders | progressive |
| New Jersey vs T.L.O. was a juvenile case about what? | school locker searches |
| Based on New Jersey v TLO, the threshold for searches on school property is? | reasonable suspicion |
| The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the burden of proof in a juvenile case discussed in class was: | In re Winship |
| The main purpose of farms at industrial schools for juveniles was to: | Feed juveniles at the school |
| What type of case involve juveniles who have committed actions that would be considered criminal if they were adults? | Delinquency case |
| According to In Re Gault, which of the following is NOT one of the constitutional issues that was raised? | right to reasonable bail |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the options discussed in class for informal juvenile hearing conditions? | Spend a period of time in juvenile detention |
| True or False:According to the text, today, juveniles and adults who are incarcerated can still be kept together in the same facilities. | False |
| According to the video on sentencing reform, one of the biggest drivers of the crime rate is? | the economy |
| According to the video on sentencing reform, the violent crime rate tripled between? | 1961-1985 |
| According to the cybercrime video, our increasing reliance on technology is increasing our? (one word, spelling counts) | vulnerability |
| According to the human trafficking video, in order to successfully prosecute human trafficking cases, who needs to be educated about this problem? | judges jurors the community |
| According to the video in Chapter 15, what percentage of wrongful convictions in Louisiana were due to bad lawyering? | 77% |
| According to the video in Chapter 15 of the drone with the gun attached, this occurred in: | Clinton, Ct |
| Acts of violence committed with the intent of coercing a population through force, fear, intimidation or threat are known as: (one word, spelling counts) | Terrorism |
| According to the video in Chapter 15, The First Step Act was geared towards what type of convicted offenders? | non violent drug offenders |
| According to the First Step Act, how many inmates have been initially released from halfway houses and prisons because of this legislation? | 3000 |
| According to the video on sentencing reform, what is the ratio of percentage of world population to percentage of incarcerated people? | 5-25 |
| According to the text, which amendments in the Bill of Rights could be of concern with the use of day fines in the United States? | 8th & 14th |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions designed to control behavior? | Paying fines & fees |
| According to the text, probation, financial penalties, home confinement with electronic monitoring, and intensive supervision are all examples of? | alternatives to incarceration |
| Goal of staying within one’s jurisdiction/ surrendering a passport | Designed to Control Behavior |
| Goal of Not permitted to possess weapons | Designed to Control Behavior |
| Goal of Not permitted to associate with known felons | Designed to Control Behavior |
| Goal of Paying back the victim (restitution) | Designed to Change Behavior |
| Goal of Completing community service | Designed to Change Behavior |
| Goal of Employment / education requirements | Designed to Change Behavior |
| True or false: There are three types of probation: general, specific & pecuniary | False |
| Which amendments in the Bill of Rights could be of concern with the use of day fines in the United States? | 8th & 14th |
| According to the text, court supervision in the form of parole, work release, furloughs, and halfway houses designed to foster a guided shift from imprisonment to freedom are all examples of ? | methods used after a period of incarceration |
| A term of supervised, conditional release from incarceration under correctional supervision is referred to as: (one word, spelling counts) | parole |
| According to the video on probation in Chapter 14, it is usually assigned in cases involving? | misdemeanors and non violent first time offenders |
| True or False: A common parole condition is reporting changes in working or living environment. | True |
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