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soc aos3 sac
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sociologists refer to the concept of community as... | a group of people who share social relationships through being geographically close to each other and/or being in regular contact with each other, and through having similarities such as mutual interests and/or shared ideology |
| geographical characteristics affecting the experience of community | - proximity -accessibility - climate - scenic quality - natural resources |
| industrial revolution | - late 1700‘s-1800‘s - threatened the type of social connections in smaller scale communities were most of humanity had lived - prior to this, communities tended to be cohesive, homogenous, based on family ties and united by common values |
| industrial revolution brought... | - new employment opportunities - mass migration (rural -> urban) - individualistic way of life |
| individualism | a set of ideas emphasising the importance of the individual, individual freedom and individual choice |
| collectivism | the needs and interests of a collective group in society |
| ferdinand tonnies | - German sociologist that become interested in the concept of community after the industrial revolution - his theory differentiated between traditional community and modern society |
| gemeinschaft | small traditional often rural societies consisting of close familiar social relationships built on the basis of intimacy support and collective solidarity - based on bonds of a social group, who aim to stay connected and achieve goals - BELONGING |
| gesellschaft | - large, modern, often urban societies consisting of distant, impersonal interactions built on the basis of self-interest, personal gain and individualism - weak social ties, more opportunities for women, personal success |
| dichotomy | a division or contrast between two things that are represented as being opposed or entirely different. eg. gemeinschaft and gesellschaft |
| effects of ict on the CONCEPT of community | - has changed the way that individuals within communities interact, as they're not restrained by geography and is a GRADUAL shift POSITIVE: ‘find your tribe‘ NEGATIVE: weakened social bonds - can lead to isolation |
| manuel castells on ICT | - ‘(technology) can provide better links... and enable access to wider national and international resources.‘ - ‘online capacity can help stimulate and reinvigorate both local communities and communities of interest.‘ |
| effects of sociocultural change on the experience of community | - more recently, the idea of community is used to indicate a SENSE OF IDENTITY or BELONGING that is not necessarily tied to geographical location - wellman (2001) - ‘each person has their own personal identity' |
| exclusion | - the extent to which individuals within and outside of a community experience marginalisation and restriction of certain rights, resources and opportunities - due to factors that made the individual seems to deviate from the norms of the community |
| factors that cause feelings of inclusion or exclusion | - age - gender - sexuality - ethnicity - education - health status class |
| inclusion | - the extent to which individuals within a community experience a sense of belonging and participate actively - encompasses the concepts of social cohesion, connectedness and capital |
| marginalisation | - the state in which individuals are unable or barred from participating fully in the economic, social, political and cultural life of a community, as well as the process leading to and sustaining such a state |
| social cohesion | - the degree to which positive social relationships bind people together in society and support their wellbeing - creates a sense of belonging and trust - MICRO |
| social connectedness | - the quality of relationships people have with other that is integral to their wellbeing and provide support, happiness and a sense of belonging - people collaborating with others to achieve goals - MACRO |
| social capital | - how individual's bonds with others, sense of shared identity, purpose and their interactions with others increase their capacity to influence political processes and feeling empowered in society - bonds and connections make you powerful (eg. elections) |
| effects of ict on feelings of inclusion and exclusion (history) EXPERIENCE | - communities used to be largely bound by geographical characteristics - proximity to the people living inside the community (living in the same area) - location, where the community resides |
| effects of ict on feelings of inclusion and exclusion (unity) EXPERIENCE | - the digital revolution means that people can come together from across the worlds based on shared ideas and values, instead of their geography - fosters more communities for people to feel INCLUDED or EXCLUDED from |
| effects of ict on feelings of inclusion and exclusion (connection) EXPERIENCE | - can also mean communities who were once isolated due to geography can cannot to other communities more readily |
| effects of ict on feelings of inclusion and exclusion (exclusion) EXPERIENCE | communities or individuals who do not have access to ict can feel more excluded and left without the means to participate |
| global village | - coined by media theorist Marshall McLuhan, refers to the merging or contraction of the world by media, technology and the economy into one virtual world that is interconnected and interdependent |
| digital divide | - the gap between individuals, socioeconomic levels, geographical areas and other factors with regard to the access or use of ICT - can result in economic and social inequality due to differences in access eg. gov. services that are entirely online |
| digital divide evidence | the digital divide is shrinking in Australia, with 97% connectivity amongst households with children under 15 years |
| PEGS | - POLITICAL - ECONOMIC - GEOGRAPHICAL - SOCIOECONOMIC in terms of Sydney lockout laws |
| effects of political changes | - refers to government policy and its administration, including laws and policies eg. ‘(health groups) have made it very clear they have no interest in the culture or nightlife of the city.‘ - Tyson Koh in reference to lockout laws |
| effects of economic changes affecting the experience of community | - refers to more than just money eg. unemployment, inflation - can lead to increased feelings of inclusion or exclusion for individuals - on a community level, strengthening or diminishing of that community eg. total of $1.4 billion and 2000 jobs lost |
| effects of geographical changes affecting the experience of community | - can relate to proximity and accessibility, etc. - size, scale, density, design and layout of the community affects the lives of its members eg. more people moving to parties outside the city and possibly increasing crime rates there |
| effects of social changes affecting the experience of community | - refers to changing beliefs, values, traditions, language and interactions - changes to social institutions or relationships among people eg. conflict between state and local Gov, less violence and alc consumption |
| overview of the adass community | - arrived in Melb following WWII in 1949 with the aim of replicating their community in Europe - with more than 2,000 members in Ripponlea, the Ultra-Orthodox community is known to be incredibly private, reclusive and separate to contemporary aus society |
| reasons the adass are classified as a community | SHARED GOAL - having children and building the community is viewed as a common goal - 'be fruitful and multiply‘ - torah quote |
| reasons the adass are classified as a community | STRIVING FOR PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS + STRONG SOCIAL COHESION - being an active part of the lives of your neighbours is encouraged and expected - ‘everyone's in everyone's business‘ - shlomo |
| reasons the adass are classified as a community | SELF-SUFFICIENCY - having their own schools, shops, cemetery, and medical services - have little contact with the rest of society |
| reasons the adass are classified as a community | HOMOGENEITY OF CULTURE - all members of the community must follow ancient rituals - members will scrutinise and judge each other eg. ‘people need to be able to live… but they will never be at the compromise of Jewish law.’ – Aryeh |
| how to answer a question of why they're classified as a community | - because they meet Tonnies‘ theory of Gemeinschaft - this is demonstrated by - evidence - however, still exists within a Gesellschaft |
| factors that have influenced feelings of inclusion/exclusion (ADASS) | INCLUSION - STRONG SOCIAL COHESION - close relationships and bonds are encouraged eg. the Adass publish a community directory listing everyone's contact information to remain in touch - maintains the strong sense of belonging within the community |
| factors that have influenced feelings of inclusion/exclusion (ADASS) | INCLUSION - SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS - community members come together for the making of Matzah crackers for Passover - ‘the sense of community and belief in that room is so powerful. the whole thing is... beautiful‘ - member - brings members together |
| factors that have influenced feelings of inclusion/exclusion (ADASS) | EXCLUSION - MELBOURNE SOCIETY - November 2015 - racial abuse incident outside synagogue - adass members told to ‘go back to Israel' - makes them feel unwelcome in their own country |
| factors that have influenced feelings of inclusion/exclusion (ADASS) | EXCLUSION - GENDER ROLES - boys leave school at 16 to study the Torah, girls are educated for marriage and family life - depending on the individual, COULD be seen as exclusion from rights and opportunities, but Raizel Fogel sees no problem with it |
| factors of ICT use in the community (ADASS) | ICT AND ELECTRICITY BANNED ON THE SABBATH - which is observed before sunset on Friday to sunset Saturday - ‘nothing else exists except your family and the Sabbath.‘ - Raizel - ‘it's really shutdown time.‘ - Raizel |
| factors of ICT use in the community (ADASS) | NEWSLETTER - shlomo sends community newsletters via email - filters inappropriate content and only sends what is useful to the community |
| factors of ICT use in the community (ADASS) | RELIGIOUS SANCTITY - is paramount and ict poses a threat and a ‘risk of spiritual contamination‘ - documentary -‘Violence and pornography can have a very detrimental effect on a person’s spiritual growth.’ -Aryeh |
| factors of ICT use in the community (ADASS) | - exposure to the outside world poses a threat to the Adass way of life, however technology is required to access the wider Melbourne/global society - eg. raizel has a phone to maintain her business, but its filtered |
| one political factor that effects the experience of community | SOCIAL HIERARCHY - chief rabbi Abraham Beck is in charge of schools, synagogue and kosher events - has ‘ultimate authority‘ (documentary) within the community |
| one economic factor that effects the experience of community | YUMI'S DIPS - provide income, revenue and employment to the community - ensures dietary requirements aren't a problem |
| one geographical factor that effects the experience of community | LOCATION - 1 square km block that aims to recreate the shetl (small, traditional Jewish villages in Europe) - brings them closer to achieving their community goal of existing as a traditional Orthodox community |
| one social factor that effects the experience of community | CELEBRATIONS - the many religious holy days and celebrations create opportunities for social cohesion and connectedness eg. passover, yom Kippur, sukkot |
| SHLOMO'S experience in the community | SHLOMO ABELESZ - a prominent member in the Adass community and was raised in Adass Israel in Melbourne - creates the filtered newsletter for the community and is the unofficial spokesman - ‘it's something that keeps you busy 24 hours a day.‘ |
| RAIZEL'S experience in the community | RAIZEL FOGEL - matriarch + volunteers as a dueller for Jewish mothers - kosher deli with husband, not limited to jewish catering - more exposed to the outside world, but she values family - ‘they know they're always going to get a huge welcome.‘ |
| DASSI'S experience in the community | DASSI ERLICH - victim of Malka Leifer - raised awareness (spoken in newspapers, etc.) of her treatment and rejected the community to seek justice |
| DASSI'S experience in the community | - ‘when I look at the kids who grow up in that community, I cannot condone it.‘ - believes the isolation of the community led to the abuse |
| what is ethical methodology? | - used to conduct research and investigations that involve people in an ethical and appropriate manner - purpose is to ensure no harm comes to participants, and that their privacy and confidentiality is maintained |
| nature of ethical methodology | - what do you have to have for an experiment to be ethical?? ACCORDING TO THE AUSTRALIA SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (TASAAAA) - the essentials - VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION, INFORMED CONSENT, PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY |
| voluntary participation | - requires that people not be coerced into participating in research - ‘Strictly Jewish‘ followed the TASA guidelines in relation to voluntary participating, as ONLY MEMBERS WHO HAD FORMALLY AGREED TO PARTICIPATE WERE INTERVIEWED AND FILMED |
| informed consent | - sociologists must seek informed consent from individuals or groups directly involved in the research - ensures that people enter research freely with full information about what it means and they give consent BEFORE the research |
| participants MUST be informed of | - the purpose and nature of the research, as well as any implications - their freedom of choice to participate and withdraw - consent from a parent or guardian must be sought if the individual is incapable - adass members were fully informed prior |
| privacy | - refers to a person's desire to control access of others to themselves (eg. pseudonyms) - must be maintained throughout research - members who did not want to participate had their faces blurred |
| confidentiality | refers to the researcher's agreement with the participant as to how their identifiable information will be managed, stored + disseminated eg. kept in a safe - street signs + the front of houses blurred in the documentary to protect data of participants |
| primary resources | - original sources of evidence that haven't been altered or interpreted by another author at a later date eg. letters, documents, diaries - strictly jewish is NOT primary - secondary source with secondary research, quotes are primary |
| secondary resources | - data collected after the time period being written about eg. textbook on a historical event |
| quantitative data | any form of information that can be expressed as a number, rank, order or quantity. eg. stats - 2,000 Adass members |
| qualitative | qualifying interpretation of information. verbal responses to a survey or interviews eg. interviews of Adass members |
| sociocultural factors | - constantly changing in responses to various influences (tech, shifts in attitude, pol and eco changes) - can impact experience and structure of community eg. feminism - work, education |
| experience of community: norfolk island | - social cohesion - lack off access to mainland increases reliance on each other - lack of proximity to wider aus society - they've created their own culture and customs - however, resources are precious and hard to come by |
| people at risk of the digital divide | - disabled - indigenous Australians - low income - low levels of education - over the age of 65 - unemployed |
Created by:
cmunners