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Micro#19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The main organs/structures of the urinary system are the | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. |
| The primary bacterium responsible for most UTIs is | Escherichia coli |
| Diagnosis of a UTI is a two-stage process that involves | collecting a urine sample and testing for antibiotic susceptibility of the organism. |
| The group most susceptible to recurring UTIs is | women. |
| preventive against UTIs in women | Urinating soon after sexual intercourse, Taking showers instead of baths, Urinating when the urge occurs |
| The urinary tract infection involving infection of the urinary bladder is called | cystitis |
| A urinary tract infection of the kidneys is called | pyelonephritis |
| An effective method for treating a UTI is | regimen of antibiotic amoxicillin |
| The following are typical symptoms of a UTI | Painful urination, cloudy urine |
| What anatomical features in women can increase the possibility of a UTI? | A shorter urethra, close proximity of the anus to the urethral opening |
| The presence of bacteria in the urine is called | bacteriuria |
| Glomerulonephritis is also called | Bright’s disease |
| The most common fungus causing urinary tract infections is | Candida albicans |
| Ureteric stenosis in kidney transplant patients has been associated with | polyomaviruses |
| Two parasites that cause urinary tract infections are | Schistosoma haematobium and Trichomonas vaginalis |
| In the urinary system, cytomegalovirus infections are typically associated with | kidney transplant failure |
| The __________ are the central organs of the urinary system and are responsible for filtering wastes from the | kidneys |
| The organism that is primarily responsible for causing cystitis is | Escherichia coli organism |
| The method of collecting urine in which the patient washes the genital area and collects a midstream sample in a sterile container is called the | clean catch |
| __________ and __________ are genera of organisms that are usually associated with UTIs related to sexual activity | Chlamydia, Mycoplasma |
| The reverse flow of urine from the bladder up the ureters and back into the kidneys is called | VesicoUreteral Reflux (VUR) |
| The current drug of choice to treat viral urinary infections is | cidofovir |
| Statistics indicate that the rate of UTIs in women increases with | age, sexual activity |
| The tissues of the urethra become thinner and more fragile in older women because of a decrease in __________, thus increasing the chance of an opportunistic infection. | estrogen |
| For patients with a catheter, the best measures to prevent a UTI are frequent cleaning and | removal of urine as soon as possible |
| what is the organism that causes Cystitis? | Staphylococcus epidermidis |
| Polyomaviruses JC and BK causes | Hemorrhagic cystitis |
| Mycoplasma is the organism that causes | Urethritis |
| Adenovirus causes | Acute necrotizing tubulointestinal nephritis |
| Leptospira causes | Zoonotic spirochete |
| Describe some of the functions of a normal healthy body that help prevent the occurrence of UTIs: | Flow of urine from the bladder helps wash away microorganisms; secretions from the prostate gland are slightly acidic, thus slowing bacterial growth, actions of a healthy immune system |
| List two reasons why postmenopausal women are at a higher risk for UTIs: | Incomplete urinary emptying and loss of estrogen levels resulting in changes of the vaginal flora |
| Briefly describe the 1st steps in the diagnosis of a UTI: | First stage is gathering the sample of urine by “clean catch” for evaluation; |
| Briefly describe the 2nd steps in the diagnosis of a UTI: | second stage involves testing the antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms present. Evaluation of the sample is usually done by semiquantitative urine analysis, and further antibiotic evaluation involves a sensitivity test |
| Name the typical antibiotic treatment regimen for UTIs: Type of antibiotic to be used and length of treatment will depend on pathogen involved. | Some drugs commonly used in treating simple UTIs include amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefrodroxil, mecillinam, fosfomycin, and cephalosporins. |
| Why It is important that the patient take the entire regimen of antibiotics prescribed | to ensure the infection is completely eliminated and the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance is minimized |
| Outline the path of infection that begins as urethritis and eventually becomes pyelonephritis: | Infection can travel up the catheter from the urethra to the urinary bladder. The bacteria can multiply in the bladder and may back up into the ureters and eventually into the kidneys, thus causing pyelonephriti |
Created by:
rosalyngreen