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CHEM FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the science of living organisms | Biology |
| the science of atoms and molecules in living organisms | Biochemistry |
| T/F Biochemistry is a hybrid | True - chemistry and biology |
| Substances that do not contain Carbon | Bioinorganic substances |
| Substances that contain Carbon | Bioorganic Substances |
| Cells consist of ____% water by weight therefore most of the human body's mass in oxygen | 65-90% |
| Our bodies are mainly made up of what? | Water and Carbon |
| Bioinorganic substances of the human body consists of what? | Water (70%) & Inorganic salts (5%) |
| Bioorganic substances of the human body consists of what? | Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids |
| is the most abundant molecule in cells, accounting for 70% or more of total cell mass | Water |
| A critical property of water is its polarity which allows for what? | Extensive hydrogen bonding |
| The specific heat of water is unusually _____, helping to regulate body temperature | high |
| The heat of vaporization of water is ____, allowing the body to be cooled with relatively little water loss | high |
| Water has an uncharacteristically ____ heat of fusion protecting the body against freezing | high |
| Why does water have an uncharacteristically high heat of fusion | To protect body against freezing |
| Examples of Macromolecules include: | Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Phospholipids |
| metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy | Catabolism |
| the phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex material of living tissue | Anabolism |
| Are amphipathic in nature; that is, each molecule consists of a hydrophilic (water loving) portion and a hydrophobic (water hating) portion | Phospholipids |
| Due to the amphipathic nature and insolubility in water, _________ are ideal compounds for forming the biological membrane | Phospholipids |
| Very large molecules, composed of much larger numbers (hundreds or thousands) of atoms than ordinary molecules. | Macromolecules |
| Enzymatically controlled chemical process occurring within living cells or organisms | Metabolism |
| Act as building blocks of biological cell membranes | Function of Phospholipids |
| Participate in transduction of biological signals | Function of Phospholipids |
| Act as efficient store of energy as with triglycerides | Function of Phospholipids |
| Play important role in the transport of fat in digestion | Function of Phospholipids |
| An important source of acetylcholine, the most common occurring neurotransmitter | Function of Phospholipids |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA |
| ribonucleic acid | RNA |
| Critical in making vaccines | RNA |
| Critical in criminal investigations | DNA |
| DNA and RNA are examples of? | Nucleic acids |
| Polymers assembled from individual monomers known as | nucleotides |
| Nucleotides themselves consist of three parts which are? | A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| What is the main function of nucleotides? | To store and transmit hereditary/genetic information |
| Nucleotides can be joined by _____ bonds to form nucleic acids | covalent |
| the science of atoms and molecules | Chemistry |
| T/F essential amino acids CAN be synthesized by humans and must, therefore be included in the diet | FALSE they CANNOT |
| conversion of soluble protein to insoluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or chemical means | Coagulation of Proteins |
| Another term used for the firmness of embalmed tissue caused by cross-linking | Coagulation of Proteins |
| Swelling and softening of proteins | Imbibition |
| Caused by absorption of moisture from surroundings | Imbibition |
| The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain; read from the N-terminal amino acid to the C-terminal amino acid | Primary Structure |
| Conformations of amino acids in localized regions of a polypeptide chain | Secondary Structure |
| Parts of a protein molecule will fold into sheets or bend into helix shapes | Secondary Structure |
| The overall conformation of a polypeptide chain | Tertiary Structure |
| The protein will compact and twist on itself to form a mass | Tertiary Structure |
| The arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains into a non-covalently bonded aggregation | Quaternary Structure |
| An organic compound containing an amino acid group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH) | Amino Acids |
| An ion having both a negative and a positive charge, each localized at a different point in the molecule, thus causing it to have both positive and negative poles | Zwitterions |
| T/F Proteins do not behave as Zwitterions | False, Proteins behave as zwitterions |
| Acts as both a acid and a base | Amphoteric |
| substances that in a solution are capable of neutralizing, within limits both acids and bases and thereby maintaining the original or constant pH of the solution | Buffer |
| Given that proteins are polymers of amino acids, they likewise function as _____? | Buffers |
| Because of the _________ nature, amino acids protect or buffer against changes in pH by neutralizing either acids or bases that enter a solution | Amphoteric |
| The bond formed when the amino acid group of one amino acid bonds with the carboxyl group of another, eliminating one water molecule (HOH) | Peptide Linkage |
| What are the three forms of nitrogen found in proteins forming the basis for crosslinking | Imide group, Amino group, Peptide linkage |
| The bivalent NH group | Imide group |
| A functional group NH2 | Amino group |
| The four atom functional group | Peptide linkage |
| Fixation Reaction of Formaldehyde Step one | Formaldehyde reacts with the imide(NH) group by inserting a methylene between the two nitrogens of the imide group |
| Fixation Reaction of Formaldehyde Step two | Two amino groups (-NH2) react with formaldehyde in like manner, with a methylene group (CH2) inserting itself between two nitrogen atoms |
| Fixation Reaction of Formaldehyde Step three | Peptide bonds (-C(=O)NH-) also react with formaldehyde with the insertion of a methylene group between the nitrogen atoms |
| Fixation Reaction of Formaldehyde Step four | A water molecule is produced for every CH2-N bond formed therefore it is a dehydrating the tissue |
| Which Embalming Fluid forms a MORE FIRM link? Formaldehyde or Glutaraldehyde? | Formaldehyde |
| Which Embalming Fluid dehydrated protein LESS. Formaldehyde or Glutaraldehyde? | Glutaraldehyde |
| When someone is emancipated and dehydrated which fluid would you use? Formaldehyde or Glutaraldehyde? | Glutaraldehyde, because formaldehyde dehydrates |
| Which Embalming fluid would you use for an edematous case? Formaldehyde or Glutaraldehyde? | Formaldehyde because it dehydrates |
| Which Embalming fluid do Nitrogen waste products neutralize more? Formaldehyde or Glutaraldehyde? | Formaldehyde |
| The process of destroying the native conformation of a protein by chemical or physical means | Denaturation |
| T/F some denaturations are reversible, while others permanently damage the protein | True |
| What are the denaturing agents? | Heat, Detergents, reducing agents, heavy metal ions, alcohols |
| A protein that acts as a biological catalyst | Enzyme |
| Without them most reactions would not take place at a useful rate | Enzyme |
| Catalyzes all aspects of cell metabolism, including the digestion of food in which large nutrient molecules are broken down into smaller molecules | Enzyme |
| Regulates the rate, and reduces the activation energy at which life’s chemical reactions proceed without being altered in the process | Enzyme |
| The optimum pH for most enzymes is close to the physiological pH of ___ to ____ | 7.2 to 7.4 |
| Some enzymes, like those functioning in the stomach have very _______ PH | acidic |
| Enzyme shape is determined by shape of _________? | substrate |
| The substance upon which an enzyme acts in a biochemical reaction | Substrate |
| Area of enzyme that is complementary to its substrate (Where substrate attaches to enzyme) | Active Site (Catalytic Center) |
| Enzymes that only react with substrates that have specific side chains | Linkage-Specific |
| T/F Enzymes don't play any role in decomposition | FALSE, Enzymes are largely responsible for decomposition |
| Derive their nutrition from dead organic matter and are normal residents of the human digestive tract | Saprophytic bacteria |
| Are autolytic enzymes responsible for digestion in human cells | Lysosomes |
| The self-destruction of cells by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance | Autolysis |
| The anaerobic decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes beginning after cellular death | Putrefaction |
| The decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water | Hydrolysis |
| the removal of an amino acid group from a compound producing ammonia and an organic acid | Deamination |
| Removal of a carboxyl group from a chemical compound producing carbon dioxide, water and an amine | Decarboxylation |
| It is contained within red blood cells giving blood its characteristic color | Hemoglobin |
| Each molecule is made up of _____ (a type of protein) and four heme groups | globin |
| ___________ is a complex compound composed of an organic molecule porphyrin combining with iron at the center | Heme |
| Hemoglobin is a __________ structure | Quaternary |
| The breakdown of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin that occurs normally at the end of the life span of red blood cells | Hemolysis |
| What is the cause of postmortem stain? | Non-degraded hemoglobin |
| An extra-vascular color change that occurs when heme, released by hemolysis of red blood cells, seeps through the vessel walls and into body tissues | Postmortem stain |
| Release of hemoglobin into tissues | Postmortem Stain |
| Is Postmortem Stain Intravascular or Extravascular | Extravascular, can not be flushed out with vascular embalming |
| Bilirubin is which color? | Yellow |
| Biliverdin is which color? | Green |
| T/F all proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen | True |
| What is the conversion of soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or chemical means? | Coagulation |
| What is the term for an amino acid consisting of both a carboxyl group and amino group? | Amphoterism |
| What is the process by which amino acids form proteins? | Peptide Linkage |
| T/F Glutaraldehyde dehydrates proteins more than formaldehyde | False |
| T/F A release of bilirubin into the body tissue causes Post Mortem Stain | False, the release of hemoglobin causes postmortem stain |
| T/F Embalming a jaundiced body with a fluid containing a high formaldehyde concentration will turn the body tissue green | True |
| What is the compound affected by enzymes? | The substrate |
| What is the area of an enzyme that is complementary to its substrate? | The active site |
| What is the disruption and breakdown of secondary structures of proteins by heat or chemicals? | Denaturation |
| What is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms? | Hexose |
| What is known as blood sugar? | Glucose |
| T/F Disaccharides are comprised of many monosaccharides | False, they are composed of two |
| What is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose? | Lactose |
| Which of the following cannot be digested by the human body? Cellulose Glycogen Lactose Starch | Cellulose |
| T/F Rigor mortis is caused by the synthesis of ATP | False, ATP relaxes muscles whereas Rigor Mortis is the stiffening of muscles |
| T/F Muscle tissue needs Adenosine Tri-phosphate to relax | True |
| What is the hydrolysis of lipids under alkaline conditions? | Saponification |
| What is the saponification of body fat called? | Adipocere |
| T/F Phospholipids are often added to foods as emulsifying agents | True |
| Due to the lack of ATP or an inability to remove calcium | Rigor Mortis |
| Chemical decomposition of fats, oils, and other lipids resulting in undesirable odors and flavors | Rancidity |
| Occurs when water splits fatty acid chains away from the glycerol backbone in glycerides | Hydrolytic Rancidity |
| Occurs when the double bonds of an unsaturated fatty acid reacts chemically with oxygen | Oxidative Rancidity |
| Refers to the process in which micro-organisms such as bacteria use their enzymes, including lipases, to break down chemical structures in the fat | Microbial Rancidity |
| The simplest form of a carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose | Monosaccharide |
| T/F Monosaccharides can be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate molecules | False, they cannot because they are already the simplest saccharide |
| Monosaccharides containing three carbon atoms are known as? | Trioses |
| Hypoglycemia is (high or low?) blood sugar | low blood sugar |
| Hyperglycemia is (high or low?) blood sugar | high blood sugar |
| Formed when two monosaccharides undergo condensation reaction involving the elimination of small molecules, such as water from tehri function groups only | Disaccharides |
| What is the disaccharide of fructose and glucose? | Sucrose |
| Any large class of long chain sugars composed of monosaccharides | Polysaccharides |
| What hydrolyzes into 2 monosaccharides | Disaccharides |
| T/F Polysaccharides hydrolyze into monosaccharides | False, they FIRST hydrolyze into disaccharides and THEN into monosaccharides |
| Series of enzymatic reactions involving oxidative metabolism | Kreb's Cycle |
| _______ is when rigor sets in immediately | Instant Rigor |
Created by:
Laceysue
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