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CHEM MID TERM
Review for Mid Term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of elements, excluding carbon-containing compounds | Inorganic Chemistry |
| The study of carbon-containing compounds | Organic Chemistry |
| The study of compounds produced by living organisms | Biochemistry |
| The study of chemical post-mortem changes, composition of embalming fluids and the interactions between each | Thanatochemistry (Embalming Chemistry) |
| What measurement unit is used when referring to Length in Chemistry? | Meters |
| What measurement unit is used when referring to Volume in Chemistry? | Liters |
| What measurement unit is used when referring to Mass in Chemistry? | Kilograms |
| What measurement unit is used when referring to Heat in Chemistry? | Calorie (small c) |
| What are the 3 temperature scales? | Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin |
| Which of the following is NOT located in the nucleus of an atom? Electron Neutron Proton | Electron |
| What is the smallest particle of element that has all properties of that element? Atom Electron Moelcule Nucleus | Atom |
| What does the number of protons in an atom indicate? The Atomic Mass The Atomic Number The Atomic Weight The Electrical Charge | The Atomic Number |
| What is an atom that does not have the same number of protons as neutrons? A compound An ion An isotope A mole | An isotope |
| What indicates position of electrons at certain distances from nucleus? Atomic number Electron energy levels Isotopes Noble gases | Electron energy levels |
| What are electrons in the outermost energy level called? Alpha electrons Beta electrons Wondering electrons Valence electrons | Valence electrons |
| What is it called when two or more atoms are chemically combined in definite proportions by mass? Compound Isotope Mixture Solution | Compound |
| What results from a reaction between acids and bases? A diatomic compound A water molecule An oxide A salt | A salt |
| What is the smallest unit of a compound that can exist alone? A bond An ion A molecule A subscript | molecule |
| What is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity? A compound A bond A mixture A solution | A mixture |
| In what type of mixture is all matter uniform? Covalent Heterogenous Homogenous Valence | Homogenous |
| What is an atom/molecule with an electrical charge? An electrolyte An energy level An ion An onion | An ion |
| Which type of bond is formed by sharing pair of electrons? Chemcial Covalent Ionic James | Covalent |
| What is the combination of symbols expressing a substance’s chemical composition? Balance Equation Formula Mixture | Formula |
| Which type of formula indicates spatial arrangement and linkages of every atom? Chemical Emperical Line Structural | Structural |
| What is HCHO? Alcohol Hydrogen, Carbon, Helium, Oxygen Formaldehyde Water | Formaldehyde |
| Adding oxygen to a substance would be called what? Compounding Hydrolysis Oxidation Reduction | Oxidation |
| The physical properties of water have abnormally high values. True False | True |
| What is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the product of heat conversion of chemical species? Combustion Hydrolysis Oxidation Reduction | Combustion |
| What is the most abundant element in the universe? Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen | Hydrogen |
| True or false. If water has a convex meniscus it will have a greater attachment to the container in which it is held. True False | False, A convex meniscus occurs when the molecules have a stronger attraction to each other than the container |
| When the molecules of a liquid ARE ATTRACTED TO the molecules of the container you get which of these... Concave Meniscus Convex Meniscus | Concave Meniscus |
| What is the "Universal Solvent"? Acid Base Salt Water | Water |
| True or false. Hard water will NOT interfere with the diffusion of embalming fluid in the body. False True | False |
| What is a homogenous mixture of salt dissolved in a sufficient quantity of water? Isotonic Solute Solution Solvent | Solution |
| What is a mixture of a solute and solvent in which the size of the solute particle is greater than 100 nanometers and the particles of solute can not pass through filters or membranes? Colloid Dilute Suspension True | Suspension |
| Dilute, concentrated, saturated and unsaturated solutions are classified as what type of solution? Homogenous Isotonic Qualitative Quantitative | Qualitative |
| How is the quantitative concentration of embalming fluid measured? By index By ppm By percentage By ratio | By index |
| What is a solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared? Diffused Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic | Hypotonic |
| Which process does the concentrated solute move from lesser to greater through a semi-permeable membrane? Diffusion Distribution Osmosis Retention | Osmosis |
| What type of embalming solution would you use on an edematous body? Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic High pH | Hypertonic |
| Which of the following acids is considered as strong? Acetic Phosphorous Sulfuric Sulfurous | Sulfuric |
| True or false. An aqueous acid will turn litmus paper from red to blue. | False - litmus paper is used to test whether a solution is acidic or basic. Acidic = BLUE litmus paper turns RED & Basic or Alkaline = RED litmus paper turns BLUE |
| Litmus paper changes from which color to what color under ACIDIC conditions | Blue --> Red |
| Litmus paper changes from which color to what color under BASIC/ALKALINE conditions | Red --> Blue if it turns Blue its is Basic |
| How will an aqueous base taste? | bitter |
| How will an acidic solution taste? | sour |
| What is a compound that accepts electrons in a chemical reaction with another substance? | Acid |
| What is a chemical compound formed by removing water from another compound? Anhydrate Hydrate Hydroxyl Salt | Anhydrate |
| What are ionic compounds resulting from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base? Anhydrates Hydrates Hydroxyls Salts | Salts |
| On the PH scale what range do ACIDS fall into? 0-6 7 8-14 | 0-6 |
| On the PH scale what range do BASES fall into? 0-6 7 8-14 | 8-14 |
| True or false. During life the pH of blood is slightly basic. | True |
| What pH level will blood become during decomposition? Acidic Basic Neutral | Basic |
| What is a compound in which there is a chemical union between water and certain substances when they crystallize? Anhydrate Hydrate Hydroxyl Salt | Hydrate |
| What is the single most important factor in the initiation of decomposition? Hydrates Hydrolysis Saponification Salt | Hydrolysis |
| The smallest particle of an element is a(an)? | Atom |
| Anything that occupies space and has mass | Matter |
| Dissolving medium, component of solution that is in greater amount | Solvent |
| Substance dissolved in solvent, component of solution that is in lesser amount | Solute |
| Cremation, Decomposition, and Preservation are examples of which kind of change? | Chemical Change |
| Exothermic or Endothermic? Freezing | Exothermic - releases heat |
| Exothermic or Endothermic? Condensation | Exothermic - releases heat gas to liquid |
| Exothermic or Endothermic? Deposition | Exothermic - releases heat gas to solid |
| Exothermic or Endothermic? Melting (Fusion) | Endothermic - requires heat |
| Exothermic or Endothermic? Vaporization | Endothermic- requires heat |
| Exothermic or Endothermic? Subliming | Endothermic- requires heat |
| Combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity | Mixture |
| Consist of two or more atoms chemically combined in definite proportions by mass | Compound |
| Metal atoms ____ electrons Lose Gain | Lose |
| Nonmetal atoms ____ electrons Lose Gain | Gain |
| A Nucleus has a ____ charged center positive negative neutral | positive |
| Average total number of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element | Atomic Mass |
| Average atomic masses of atoms of an element | Atomic Weight |
| Indicates position of electrons at certain distances from nucleus | Electron Energy Levels (Shells) |
| Elements with completely full outer subshell | Nobel Gases |
| Formed by replacing one or more H+ ions of acid with different cation | Ionic Compound |
| Oxygen combined with one other element | Oxide |
| Created by reaction of oxygen with nonmetallic element | Nonmetal Oxide |
| Created by reaction of oxygen with metallic element | Metal Oxide |
| Atom/molecule with electrical charge | Ion |
| Positively charged atom/group of atoms | Cation |
| Negatively charged atom/group of atoms | Anion |
| Which type of bond is this: Net attractive interaction between atoms | Chemical Bond |
| What kind of bond is this: formed between positive and negative ions | Ionic Bond |
| What kind of bond is this: formed by sharing pair of electrons | Covalent Bond |
| What kind of bond is this: one atom pulls on electrons more than other atom | Polar Bond |
| Indicates number of electrons lost, gained or shared in chemical reaction | Oxidation Number |
| electrons lost | oxidation |
| electrons gained | reduction |
| Combination of symbols expressing substance’s chemical composition | Formula |
| Indicates number of atoms of each element in molecule | Molecular Formula |
| Indicates relative number of atoms in molecule | Empirical Formula |
| Indicates spatial arrangement and linkages of every atom | Structural Formula |
| Condensed structural formulas | Line Forumla |
| Single reactant breaks apart to form two or more products | Decomposition |
| a process whereby water is split by other substances and the constituents of water are introduced into the products of the reaction | Hydrolysis |
| Spontaneous decay of atomic nuclei | Radioactivity |
| What is radioactivity caused by? | proton to proton repulsion |
| Ability to remove electrons from other atoms’ valence shells | Ionizing Power |
| Ability to pass through matter | Penetration |
| Alpha Penetration consists of how many protons and neutrons? | 2 Protons, 2 Neutrons |
| True or False, Alpha Penetration Ionizing power is low | False, it is high |
| What is it called when a single reactant breaks apart to form two or more products? | Decomposition |
| the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the product of heat conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can result in the production of light in the form of either glowing or a flame. | Combustion |
| homogenous mixture of two or more substances able to pass through a semi-permeable membrane. Size of the solute particle is less than one nanometer | True Solution |
| a solution-like system in which the size of the particle is between 1 and 100 nanometers. Particles of solute pass through filters but not membranes. | Colloid |
| mixture of a solute and solvent in which the size of the solute particle is greater than 100nanometers. Particles of solute do not pass through filters or membranes | Suspension |
| a solution containing relatively small amount of solute | Dilute Solution |
| A solution containing relatively large amount of solute | Concentrated Solution |
| a solution containing all of the solute that solvent is able to hold at a certain temperature or pressure (no more solute dissolves) | Saturated Solution |
| A solution containing less of the solute that can be held in solution by the solvent (More solute dissolves) | Unsaturated Solution |
| Solution where added Crystals grow | Supersaturated Solution |
| a solution having an equal concentration of dissolved solute as the solution to which it is compared | Isotonic Solution |
| A solution having a greater concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared | Hypertonic solution |
| a solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared | Hypotonic solution |
| After injection of embalming fluid, tissues become _____ to their surroundings Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic | Hypotonic |
| Capable of neutralizing small pH changes | Buffer |
| Needed in embalming fluid to counteract pH changes occurring after death | Buffers |
| Common Embalming Buffers | Borax, Sodium Phosphates, Citrates |
| A chemical compound formed by removing water from another compound; the anhydride can also react with water to form the original compound | Anhydrates |
| A compound in which there is a chemical union between water in certain substances when they crystallize | Hydrate |
| The single most important factor in the initiation of decomposition | Hydrolysis |
| What is the following an example of: In human remains, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are chemically split into amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids and glycerin by the action of water and enzymes | Hydrolysis for Embalming |
| What is the melting point of Carbon? | 3500 degrees Celsius |
| What is the boiling point of Carbon? | 4827 degrees Celsius |
| Carbon has a combining capacity of ___ because it has ____ valence electrons in its outermost energy level | 4,4 |
| These four elements make of 97% of the mass of the human body | Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen |
| What are the bond capacities of these Organic Elements? N= O= C= H= | H=1 O=2 N=3 C=4 |
| How many functional groups are there? | 12 |
| Alkane Carbon has a ____ bond | single |
| Which Functional group does Ethane and Butane belong in? | Alkane |
| Alkene Carbon has a ____ bond | double |
| Which functional group has alternating double and single bonds between carbons (aromatic or aryl hydrocarbons) and a pungent odor? | Arenes |
| Which functional group is distinguished by a hydroxyl functional group bound to a carbon atom | Alcohols |
| Which functional group contains compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are linked by an oxygen atom R-O-R | Ethers |
| Which functional group contains compounds that contain carbonyl group in which the carbon atom is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom | Aldehydes |
| Which functional group is characterized as having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of the two hydrocarbon radicals | Ketones |
| characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group | Carboxylic Acids |
| compounds that can react with water to produce an alcohol and an organic or inorganic acid | Esters |
| True or False, Esters can be used as deodorizers | True |
| compounds of nitrogen that may be considered ammonia derivatives in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a hydrocarbon radical | Amines |
| nitrogen-containing organic compounds related to ammonia and amines and containing a carbonyl group | Amide |
| Hydrocarbons are in which 4 functional groups? | The first 4 - Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Arenes |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Meth- | ONE |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Eth- | TWO |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Prop- | THREE |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? But- | FOUR |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Pent- | FIVE |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Hex- | SIX |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Hept- | SEVEN |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Oct- | EIGHT |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Non- | NINE |
| Naming Hydrocarbons: How many Carbons for this prefix? Dec- | TEN |
| Chemistry name for Chloroform, and what is it used for? | Trichloromethane, surgical anesthetic |
| What is the common name for Trichloromethane, and what is it used for? | Chloroform, surgical anesthetic |
| Chemistry name for Carbon Tetrachloride, and what is it used for? | Tetrachloromethane, external solvent for petroleum based stains |
| What is the common name for Tetrachloromethane and what is it used for? | Carbon Tetrachloride, external solvent for petroleum based stains |
| True or False, Unsaturated Hydrocarbons do not have maximum number of H attached. | True |
| colorless, flammable, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon derived from petroleum and used in or to manufacture a wide variety of chemical products including DDT, detergents, insecticides and motor fuels | Benzene |
| simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and parent to a large class of chemical compounds | Benzene |
| What are three other names for Methyl Alcohol? | Wood Alcohol, Methanol, CH3OH |
| Partial oxidation creates: | Formaldehyde (HCHO) |
| HCHO | Formaldehyde |
| General Formula is R-OH | Alcohol |
| Oxidation products of this functional group include: fats and waxes, detergents, plasticizers, emulsifiers, lubricants, emollients and foaming agents. | Alcohol |
| an alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups; sometimes referred to as glycols | Di-hydroxy alcohol |
| Engine coolant / antifreeze is a _____ | Di-hydroxy alcohol |
| Common name for Ethylene Glycol | Engine coolant / antifreeze |
| What are Glycols used for in Embalming? | Humectants (increases tissue's ability to retain mositure) |
| What is Methyl alcohol used for in Embalming? | little preservation, where we get formaldehyde |
| What is Ethyl alcohol used for in Embalming? | Little preservation, stabilizes the formaldehyde |
| What is Isopropyl alcohol used for in Embalming? | Disinfectant |
| Formaldehyde is a reduction product of what? | Formic Acid |
| Formaldehyde is produced commercially by partial oxidation of ___? | Methanol |
| Formalin is a fully saturated aqueous solution containing ____% formaldehyde gas by mass | 37% |
| Formalin is a fully saturated aqueous solution containing ____% formaldehyde gas by volume | 40% |
| _____ refers to the strength of embalming fluids | Index |
| True or False, Formaldehyde and Nitrogen do not cross-link | FALSE They love to hook up |
| True or False, Nitrogen is a natural byproduct of the decomposition of proteins in human remains, thus advanced decomposition calls for a higher formaldehyde demand | TRUE |
| colorless, deliquescent powder or liquid with mild odor Has comparable protein coagulability to formaldehyde, but its yellowish color makes it undesirable in embalming fluid | Glyoxal |
| used to insolubilize starches, cellulosic materials and proteins for leathering tanning and rayon shrink-proofing | Glyoxal |
| a germicidal agent used for the disinfection and sterilization of instruments or equipment that cannot be heat sterilized | Glutaraldhyde |
| We get organic salts from which functional group? | Carboxylic acid |
| Organic acid is also known as? | Carboxylic acid |
| Carboxylic acids are usually (Strong or Weak)? | Weak |
| Organic salt are used as: | Buffers, Water-conditioners, Anticoagulants |
| What do buffers do? | Maintain PH |
| What do water-conditioners do? | Soften water to reduce coagulation |
| What do anti-coagulants do? | Break up and clots |
| These dicarboxylic acids, when neutralized form oxalates that are important as blood anti-coagulating agents and/or water softening agents in embalming fluid | Sodium Oxalate, Potassium Oxalate, Ammonium Oxalate |
| What are Sodium Oxalate, Potassium Oxalate, and Ammonium Oxalate used for? | blood anti-coagulating agents and/or water softening agents in embalming fluid |
| The salts derived from Tricarboxylic Acid (Hydroxyl Acids) classification are effective ______? | Sequesterant anticoagulants |
| True or False Sequestering Anticoagulant products are water soluble but non-ionizable | True |
| act as anticoagulants by combining metal ions with a chemical compounds forming a ring | Chelates |
| The most commonly used chelate found in embalming fluid is ________? | EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) |
| Their pleasant aromas make them useful as perfuming agents in embalming fluids | Esters |
| Ethyl acetate is manufactured on a large scale for use as a _______? | Solvent (nail polish remover) |
| Methyl salicylate is often referred to as _____? | Oil of wintergreen |
| Methyl salicylate is a principle ester used as | a masking (perfuming) agent in embalming fluids (it is the oil of wintergreen) |
| Have a distinctive “fishy” smell | Liquid amines |
| possess a characteristic ammonia smell | Gaseous amines |
| Surface reactive agents that are generally used for disinfection of skin, oral and nasal cavities as well as instruments | Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
| The major nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism and the chief nitrogenous component of urine in mammals and other organisms | Urea |
| When present in the blood or tissues (i.e., uremic poisoning) it increases formaldehyde demand | Urea |
| Carbon Arrangement for: ALKANES | C-C |
| Carbon Arrangement for: ALKENES | C=C |
| Carbon Arrangement for: ALKYNES | C (triple bond) C |
| Carbon Arrangement for: ARENES | Benzene Ring |
| Carbon Arrangement for: ALCOHOLS | C - OH |
| Carbon Arrangement for: ETHERS | C - O - C |
| Carbon Arrangement for: ALDEHYDES | R - CHO |
| Carbon Arrangement for: KETONES | R-CO-R |
| Carbon Arrangement for: CARBOXYLIC ACID | R-COOH |
| Carbon Arrangement for: ESTERS | R-COO-R |
| Carbon Arrangement for: AMINES | R-NH2 |
| Carbon Arrangement for: AMIDES | CO-NH |
| C-C | ALKANE |
| C=C | ALKENE |
| C (triple bond) C | ALKYNE |
| BENZENE RING | ARENE |
| C - OH | ALCOHOL |
| C-O-C | ETHERS |
| R-CHO | ALDEHYDES |
| R-CO-R | KETONES |
| R-COOH | CARBOXYLIC ACID |
| R-COO-R | ESTERS |
| CO-NH | AMIDES |
| Quaternary Ammonium Compounds are in what family? | Amine. although they are not technically amines |
| referred to as precipitant anticoagulants | Oxalates |
| remove calcium ions from the blood by forming insoluble calcium oxalates preventing blood clotting process | Precipitant anticoagulants (Oxalates) |
| Putrescine and cadaverine are both examples of ____? | Ptomaines |
| Increased nitrogen in the tissues call for ____________formaldehyde | increased |
| Give an example of a surfactant | Glyerin |
| These citrate anticoagulants are counterproductive in the presence of certin bacteria (e.g. staphylococcus Aureus) enhancing rather than inhibiting blood coagulation | sequesterant anticoagulants |
| sequesterant means? | Segregating, or separating out |
| Polymerizes to form ________________ large paraffin-like flakes precipitated out of solution and useful as a preservative in solid autopsy compounds (releases formaldehyde gas when hydrated) | paraformaldehyde |
| Formaldehyde preserves by | cross-linking proteins |
| If there is a lot of fluid in a body what needs to be in the embalming fluid? | A humactant |
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Laceysue
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