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Sociology #6
Sociology #6 Groups, Organizations, and Institutions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social group | two or more people who share some attribute and interact with one another. friends or work groups gives us a common identity and a sense of belonging. Social groups include primary groups |
| primary groups | a small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period. (such as family members) that shape our social and moral development |
| secondary groups | interact with them on a regular basis over many years, _____ have a powerful influence on our social identity such as Sports teams, labor unions, and a company's employees |
| in-group | people who share a sense of identity and belonging that typically excludes and devalues outsiders. share a sense of identity and “we-ness. |
| Ideal types | general traits that describe a social phenomenon rather than every case. |
| out-groups | people who are viewed and treated negatively because they’re seen as having values, beliefs, and other characteristics different from those of an in-group. |
| Reference group | that influence who we are, what we do, and who we’d like to be in the future. people who shape our behavior, values, and attitudes. |
| social network | formed by groups that may be tightly knit and interact every day or may include large numbers of people whom we don’t know personally and with whom we interact only rarely or indirectly. |
| Dyad | a group with two members. |
| Triad | a group with three members |
| Authoritarian leader | gives orders, assigns tasks, and makes all major decisions. |
| Democratic leader | encourages group discussion and includes everyone in the decision-making process. |
| Laissez-faire leader | offers little or no guidance to group members and allows them to make their own decisions. |
| Groupthink | in-group members make faulty decisions because of group pressures, rather than critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas and evidence. |
| Formal Organizations | a complex and structured secondary group designed to achieve specific goals in an efficient manner. We depend on a variety of formal organizations to provide goods and services in a stable and predictable way. |
| Utilitarian, normative, and coercive organizations | differ in their general characteristics and membership, but a single formal organization can fall into all three categories. |
| Utilitarian | is someone who supports the belief that actions should be chosen based on what will cause the most pleasure for the most people. |
| normative | an account of how the world should be. |
| coercive | to make someone do something by using force or threats. |
| Bureaucracies | such as your college, are supposed to accomplish goals & tasks in the efficient& rational way possible, but many experience shortcomings such as weak reward systems, rigid rules, goal displacement, alienation, communication problems, and dehumanization. |
| Goal displacement | a preoccupation with rules and regulations rather than achieving the organization’s objectives. |
| Alienation | a feeling of isolation, meaninglessness, and powerlessness. |
| Iron law of oligarchy | the tendency of a bureaucracy to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people. |
| Glass ceiling | workplace attitudes or organizational biases that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions. |
| Glass escalator | men who enter female-dominated occupations receive higher wages and faster promotions than women. |
| social institution | an organized and established social system that meets one or more of a society’s basic needs. |
| Functionalist | Organizations are made up of interrelated parts and rules and regulations that produce cooperation in meeting a common goal. |
| Conflict | Organizations promote inequality that benefits elites, not workers. organizations promote inequality that benefits the top of the hierarchy, not workers |
| Feminist | Organizations tend not to recognize or reward talented women and regularly exclude them from decision-making processes. |
| social institutions | People develop new institutions in response to cultural changes. |
| symbolic interactionist perspective on social groups and organizations | It ignores the fact that most people can't shape or change their situations. |
| The economy | social institution determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services? |
| Max Weber | characteristics should an efficient and productive bureaucracy possess |
| Philip George Zimbardo | known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment , which was later severely criticized for both ethical and scientific reasons. |
| Solomon Asch | research demonstrated the power of groups over individuals |
| Irving Janis | for his theory of "groupthink" which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions. where in-group members make faulty decisions because of group pressures |
| Stanley Milgram | experiment on obedience he asked people to administer electric shock to other people to people will follow the bosses' orders although it was wrong, or it felt wrong |
Created by:
rosalyngreen