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Life Span
Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| corpus callosum | the thick bundle of nerve fibers taht connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain |
| plasticity | the tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of injured parts |
| gross motor skills | skills employing the large muscles used in locomotion |
| fine motor skills | skills employing the mall muscles used in manipulation, such as those in the fingers |
| sleep terrors | frightening dream-like experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep |
| somnambulism | sleepwalking |
| enuresis | failure to control the bladder (urination) once the normal age for control has been reached |
| bed-wetting | failure to control the bladder during the night |
| encopresis | failure to control the bowels once the normal age for bowel control has been reached. Soiling |
| preoperational stage | the second stage in Piaget's scheme, characterized by inflexible and irreversible mental manipulation of symbols |
| symbolic play | play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are. Pretend Play |
| egocentrism | putting one-self at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person's point of view |
| precausal | a type of thought in which natural cause-and-effect relationships are attributed to will and other preoperational concepts |
| transductive reasoning | reasoning from the specific to the specific |
| animism | the attribution of life and intentionality to inanimate objects |
| artificialism | the belief that environmental features were made by people |
| concervation | in cognitive psychology, the principle that properties of substances such as weight & mass remain the same (are conserved) when superficial characteristics such as their shapes or arrangement are changed |
| centration | focusing on an aspect or characteristic of a situation or problem |
| class inclusion | categorizing a new object or concept as belonging to a broader group of objects or concepts |
| scaffolding | Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he/she learns to function independently |
| zone of proximal development (ZPD) | Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops |
| theory of mind | a commonsense understanding of how the mind works |
| appearance-reality distinction | the difference between real events on the one hand and mental events, fantasies, and misleading appearances on the other hand |
| scripts | abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events |
| autobiographical memory | the memory of specific episodes or events |
| rehearsal | repetition |
| fast mapping | a process of quickly determining a word's meaning, which facilitates children's vocabulary development |
| whole-object assumption | the assumption that words refer to whole objects and not to their component parts or characteristics |
| contrast assumption | the assumption that objects have only one label |
| overregularization | the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns |
| pragmatics | the practical aspects of communication, such as adaptation of language to fit the social situation |
| inner speech | Vygotsky's concept of the ultimate binding of language and thought. Inner speech originates in vocalizations that may regulate the child's behavior and become internalized by age 6 or 7 |
Created by:
nurseamber