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Sociology #3
Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | the learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society. |
| Society | a group of people who share a culture and defined territory. |
| material culture | the physical objects that people make, use, and share. |
| nonmaterial culture | the ideas that people create to interpret and understand the world. |
| symbol | take many forms, distinguish one culture from another, can change over time, and can unify or divide a society. anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture. |
| language | a system of shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another. makes us human; it can change over time, and affects perceptions about gender, race, social class, and ethnicity. |
| values | guidelines for behavior; they sometimes conflict, are usually emotion laden, vary across cultures, and change over time. standards which people define good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly. |
| norms | whether folkways, mores, or laws—regulate our behavior; they vary across cultures, and range from mild to severe sanctions. specific rules of right and wrong behavior. |
| Folkways | norms that involve everyday customs, practices, and interaction. |
| mores | norms that people consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior. |
| laws | formally defined norms about what is legal or illegal. |
| sanctions | rewards for good or appropriate behavior and/or penalties for bad or inappropriate behavior. |
| rituals | transmit and reinforce norms that unite people and strengthen their relationships. formal and repeated behaviors that unite people. |
| cultural universals | customs and practices that are common to all societies. |
| ideal culture | the beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold or follow. |
| real culture | people’s actual everyday behavior. |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that one’s own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others. |
| cultural relativism | the belief that no culture is better than another and should be judged by its own standards. |
| subculture | a group within society that has distinctive norms, values, beliefs, lifestyle, or language. |
| counterculture | a group within society that openly opposes and/or rejects some of the dominant culture’s norms, values, or laws. |
| multiculturalism | (sometimes called cultural pluralism) the coexistence of several cultures in the same geographic area, without one culture dominating another. |
| culture shock | confusion, disorientation, or anxiety that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life. |
| high culture | the cultural expression of a society’s highest social classes. |
| popular culture | Popular culture the beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widespread among a population. |
| cultural capital | resources and assets that give a group advantages. |
| mass media | forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people. |
| cultural imperialism | the cultural values and products of one society influence or dominate those of another. |
| cultural integration | the consistency of various aspects of society that promotes order and stability. |
| cultural lag | the gap that occurs when material culture changes faster than nonmaterial culture. |
| FUNCTIONALIST (Macro) | Similar beliefs bind people together and create stability. Sharing core values unifies a society and promote culture solidarity |
| CONFLICT (Macro) | Culture benefits some groups at the expense of others. As powerful economic monopolies increase worldwide, the rich get richer and the rest of us get poorer. |
| FEMINIST (Macro and Micro) | Women and men often experience culture differently. Cultural values and norms can increase inequality because of sex, race/ethnicity, and social class. |
| SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST (Micro) | Cultural symbols forge identities (that change over time). Culture (like norms and values) helps people merge into a society despite their differences. |
| Functionalist Example | speaking the same language (English in the United States) binds people together because they can communicate with one another, express their feelings, and influence one another's attuites and behaviors |
| Conflict Example | much of the English language reinforces negative images about gender (slut), race (honkey), ethnicity (jap), and age (old geezer) that crate inequality and foster ethnocentrism |
| Feminist Example | Using male language (congressman, fireman or chairman) conveys the idea that men are superior to and dominate over women, even when women have the same jobs |
| Symbolic Interactionist Example | People cand change the language they create as they interact with others. Many American now use police office instead of policeman and single person instead of bachelor or old maid |
| Norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior are called _______. | the mores |
| What is true regarding norms? | They change over time, most are unwritten, instrumental, some are explicit, most are conditional, and rigid and flexible |
| What are examples of nonmaterial culture? | Knocking before entering someone's room, a belief that ghosts exist, and a law that criminalizes theft |
| Popular culture refers to | the beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widespread among a population |
| Which of the following most accurately defines a symbol? | Anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture |
| Countercultures usually emerge when people ______________. | believe they cannot achieve their goals within the existing society |
| The introduction of personal computers into American society influenced the means by which people communicate. What are the characteristics of culture? | Culture is adaptive and always changing |
| What views about culture is characteristic of functionalism? | Culture is the cement that binds society. |
| The process of creating new things, such as fax machines, toothpaste, and DVDs, is known as | invention |
Created by:
rosalyngreen