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Sociology #2
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Research Methods | organized and systematic procedures to gain knowledge about a particular topic (when we want to know more about something) |
| Scientific Method | objective and systematic techniques used to investigate phenomena, acquired knowledge, and test hypotheses and theories |
| concept | abstract idea, mental image, or general notion that represents some aspect of the world |
| variable | characteristic that changes in value or magnitude under different conditions |
| independent variable | a characteristic that has an effect on the dependent variable (what we are introducing to the situation) |
| dependent variable | the outcome that may be affected by the independent variable |
| control variable | a characteristic that is constant and unchanged during the research process |
| Hypothesis | a statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables (research begins with a hypothesis) |
| deductive reasoning | begins with a prediction, theory, or general principle that is than tested through data collection |
| inductive reasoning | begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection, a conclusion about patterns or regularities and the formulation of hypotheses that can lead to theory construction |
| Reliability | consistence where the same measurement products similar/same results time after time |
| validity | a measure is accurate and measures what it claims to measure |
| population | group of people researchers want to know something about |
| sample | group of people the research intends to study |
| probability sample | random selection (we do not want biases in our sample) |
| nonprobability sample | little attempt to get a representative for the proper population (meaning if you question a student at the end of their nursing program, they will have a more positive response than a student in their 1st or 2nd terms) |
| qualitative research | nonnumerical material (material is subjective data) such as feelings, attitude and so on) |
| quantitative research | focus on numerical material |
| causation | a relationship in which one variable is the direct consequence of another |
| correlation | the relationship between two or mor variables |
| survey | data collection that includes questionnaires, face to face, phone interviews, or a combination |
| questionnaire | written questions that ask for information |
| interviews | directly asking a series of questions |
| field research | observing people in their natural surroundings |
| content analysis | examine some form of communication |
| experiment | allows researchers to manipulate variables and measure the effects |
| experimental group | this group are exposed to the independent variable (for ex: if the variable is race discrimination this group will watch the film) |
| control group | this group are not exposed to the independent variable (for ex: if the variable is race discrimination this group will not watch the film) |
| secondary analysis | data that have been collected by someone else |
| evaluation research | examines if an intervention has produced the intended result |
| These are five data collection methods | surveys, secondary analysis, field research, content analysis, and experiments |
| what are the different type of studies | longitudinal - data collected at two or more pints in time from the same or different samples (over an extended period of time) cross sectional - data collected at one point in time |
| ethics and social research | demands a code of ethics to avoid mistreatment of participants |
| How Do We Know What We Know? | Much of our knowledge is based on tradition and authority. In contrast, sociologists rely on research methods to get information about a particular topic. |
| Why Is Sociological Research Important in Our Everyday Lives? | In contrast to tradition and authority, it challenges overgeneralizations, exposes myths, helps explain why people behave as they do, influences social policies, and sharpens critical thinking skills about issues that affect our everyday lives. |
| Basic Steps in the Research Process | choosing a topic, summarizing the pertinent research formulating a hypothesis or asking a research question describing the data collection methods collecting the data presenting the findings analyzing and explaining the results |
| As concepts are abstract and may vary among individuals and cultures, scientists rely on _______ to measure concepts. | variables |
| Confirmation bias is _________. | a tendency to embrace and recall information that confirms our beliefs |
| The method or combination of methods a sociologist uses to test a hypothesis or answer a research question is known as _________. | methodology |
| what is advantage of evaluation research? | It is versatile because it includes qualitative and quantitative approaches. |
| What is basic principle of ethical sociological research | Never harm, humiliate, abuse, or coerce the participants in their studies. Always protect a participant's confidentiality, even if the participant has broken a law and Acknowledge the contribution of research assistants who participate in the project. |
| As part of his sociological research, Jamal summarized relevant research, described how the research was related to his topic, and indicated how his study would extend the body of knowledge on the topic. This is known as | a literature reviews |
| A(n) ________ is an organized and systematic procedure that sociologists rely on to gain knowledge about a particular topic. | research method |
| Sociologists rely on _____, a body of objective and systematic techniques, to investigate phenomena, acquire knowledge, and test hypotheses and theories. | the scientific method |
| Many sociologists use ________ to collect data, which can include questionnaires, face-to-face or telephone interviews, or a combination of these techniques. | surveys |
Created by:
rosalyngreen