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VETT 230 Week 1
Chemical Basis of Life
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| element | single pure substance consisting of only one type of atom: |
| nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon | elements that make up 96% of matter in living organisms |
| atom | smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of an element |
| protons | positive electrical charge |
| atomic nucleus | protons and neutrons grouped together in the center of the atom |
| electrons | exist in a state of constant motion around the nucleus with a negative electrical charge |
| neutrons | no electrical charge |
| ions | created when an atom loses or gains an electron making the electrons and protons unequal |
| electron shell | area around the nucleus |
| molecule | formed when atoms are joined together by chemical bonds |
| compound | molecule formed by different elements joined together |
| solutions | -homogenous mixtures; can be gases, liquids, and/or solids -usually clear |
| solvent | component of a solution in the greatest amount |
| solutes | smaller amounts of the substances present in a solution |
| colloids | -heterogenous mixtures that contain much larger sized solutes than those found in solutions -translucent or milky -can transform from a fluid to solid and back (sol-gel transformation) |
| suspensions | -heterogenous mixtures that contain large solutes that readily separate from the solution when there is no movement (blood) |
| covalent bond | bond where atoms share electrons (O2, CO2 |
| ionic bond | bond where electrons are transferred from one atom to another (NaCl) |
| hydrogen bond | bond formed when a hydrogen atom (that is already covalently bonded to an atom) is electrostatically attracted to another hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a separate atom |
| synthesis reaction | smaller particles are bonded together to form larger more complex molecules |
| decomposition reaction | bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules |
| exchange reactions | bonds are both made and broken (displacement reactions) |
| activation energy | energy required for the reaction to happen |
| catalyst | required by certain reactions to that reactants will interact |
| organic compound | - contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds - large, complex molecules - ex: proteins, carbohydrates, triglycerides, nucleic acids |
| inorganic compound | - water, salts, acids, bases -rarely contain carbon -do not contain C-C or C-H bonds - small molecules with ionic bonding |
| acids | ionically bonded substances that, when added to water, release hydrogen ions: H+ donors or proton donors |
| ionize | molecules that divide into separate ions |
| bases | alkaline compounds that are ionically bonded, that ionize in water and release hydroxyl ions (OH-): proton acceptors |
| electrolytes | molecules that ionize in water and have the ability to transmit an electrical charge (sodium and potassium) |
| buffers | help cells to maintain a neutral pH by not allowing excessive hydrogen or hydroxyl ions to accumulate |
| simple carbohydrates | -monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose -disaccharide: sucrose |
| complex carbohydrates | polysaccharide: starches, glycogen (stores energy in the liver), cellulose (derived from plants) |
| dehydration synthesis | 2 monosaccharides are joined together to make a disaccharide, creating water from the reaction |
| hydrolysis | water is used to breakdown a carbohydrate into monosaccharide components |
| polysaccharides | many monosaccharides joined by dehydration status (glycogen) |
| neutral fats | triglyceride contains 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule |
| glycerol molecule | modified, 3-carbon simple sugar |
| fatty acid | chain of carbon atoms with one or two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon by single or double bonds |
| saturated fatty acid | fatty acid where all bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds and as many hydrogen atoms as possible are attached to the carbon (found in butter and lard) |
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | What 3 elements are found in all carbohydrates? |
| unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acid where there are some double bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms (corn or olive oil) |
| lipoprotein | macromolecule composed of proteins and lipids that transports fats within the body |
| phospholipid | -main component of cellular membranes -head is water soluble, polar (hydrophilic) -tail is water insoluble, nonpolar (hydrophobic) -two layers make up the lipid bilayer |
| steroids | lipids that have four interlocking hydrocarbon rings, are hydrophobic, nonpolar, and have very little oxygen |
| eicosanoids | -important substances that mediate complex chemical processes -formed from a 20-carbon fatty acid and a ring structure |
| proteins | -most abundant organic molecule in body -made up of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen |
| amino acids | -building blocks of proteins |
| side chain | What building block defines each amino acid? |
| carbon and hydrogen | What two atoms are joined to make amino acids? |
| carboxyl group and amino group | What two groups of molecules are attached to amino acids? |
| peptide | What bond joints a carboxyl group and amino group in amino acids? |
| dipetide | chain of 2 amino acids |
| tripeptide | chain of 3 amino acids |
| polypeptide | chain of 10 or more amino acids |
| protein | What is a chain of 100 or more amino acids called? |
| primary structure | What is the is the sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form the peptide chain called? |
| secondary structure | natural bend of parts of a peptide chain as it forms into three dimensions |
| alpha helix | peptide chain of amino acids that wind into a spring shape |
| beta-pleated sheet | peptide chain of amino acids that forms into a pleated sheet |
| tertiary structure | overall shape of a protein molecule |
| quaternary structure | two or more protein chains join to form a complex macromolecule |
| structural proteins | -stable, rigid, water-insoluble proteins that are used for adding strength to tissues and cells -also known as fibrous proteins because they often have a long, stringy shape -collagen, fibrin, keratin |
| functional proteins | -protein that is water soluble, flexible, 3 dimensional shape, and can change under different circumstances -also know as globular proteins, highly chemically active -antibodies, protein-based hormones, enzymes |
| enzymes | speed up chemical reactions without being destroyed or altered |
| substrates | substances upon which enzymes act |
| carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous | What are nucleic acids composed of? |
| DNA | -molecule that contains instructions needed by a cell to build proteins determining the shape and function of each tissue -reside mainly in the nucleus |
| genes | sequence of nucleotides that carries the information to make one peptide chain |
| RNA | transfers DNA instructions out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of a cell and builds the proteins |
| adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine | What are the 5 nucleic acids? |
| adenine, guanine, cytosine | Which nucleic acids occur in both DNA and RNA? |
| thymine | Which nucleic acid occurs only in DNA? |
| Uracil | Which nucleic acid occurs only in RNA? |
| 3 | What is the information needed to produce proteins and how many nucleotides a needed in a group to make an amino acid code? |
| transfer RNA | copies the information in the DNA molecule |
| messenger RNA | carries DNA information out of the nucleus |
| ribosomal RNA | uses DNA information to create proteins needed for the body |
| ATP | fuels the work of cells |
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superpaula