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Life Span
Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| development psychology | studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of humans overtime |
| life-span perspective | perspective in which psychologists view human development as occurring throughout the individual's lifetime |
| behaviorism | Watson's view that science must study observable behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses |
| maturation | the unfolding of genetically detrained traits, structures, and functions |
| psychosexual development | the process by which libidnal energy is expressed through different endogenous zones during different stages of development |
| stage theory | a theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life |
| psychosocial development | Erikson's theory, which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout 8 stages of development |
| life crisis | an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial development |
| identity crisis | according to Erikson, a period of inner conflict during which one examines one's values and makes decisions about one's life roles |
| classical conditioning | a simple form of learning in which one stimulus come to bring forth the response usually brought froth by a second stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus |
| operant conditioning | a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced |
| reinforcement | the process of providing stimuli following responses that increase the frequency of the response |
| positive reinforcement | a reinforcer that, when applied, increases the frequency of a response |
| negative reinforcement | a reinforcer that, when removed, increases the frequency of a response |
| extinction | the cessation of a response that is performed in the absence of reinforcement |
| social cognitive theory | a cognitive oriented learning theory that emphasized observational learning |
| cognitive-development theory | the stage theory that hold that the child's abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures |
| scheme | an action pattern of mental structure that is unsolved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge |
| adaptation | the interaction between the organism and environment, consisting of assimilation and accommodation |
| assimilation | the incorporation on new events or knowledge into existing schemes |
| accommodation | the modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new events or knowledge |
| equilibration | the creation of an equilibrium, or balance, between assimilation and accommodation |
| ethology | the study of behaviors that are specific to a species |
| evolutionary psychology | the branch of psychology that deals with the way in which humans' historical adaptations to the environment influence behavior and mental processes, with special focus on aggressive behavior and mating strategies |
| fixed action patterns | stereotyped pattern of behaviors that are evoked by a "releasing stimulus"; in instinct |
| ecology | the branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their environment |
| ecological system theory | the view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and environmental settings |
| microsystem | the immediate settings with which the child interacts, such as the home, the school, and peers |
| mesosystem | the interlocking setting that influence the child, such as the interaction of the school and larger community |
| exosystem | community institutions and settings that indirectly influence the child, such as the school board and the parents' workplaces |
| macrosystem | the basic institutions and ideologies that influence the child |
| chronosystem | the environmental changes that occur over time and have an effect on the child |
| zone of proximal development | Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled |
| scaffolding | Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently |
| nature | the processes within an organism that guide it to develop according to its genetic code |
| nurture | environmental factors that influence development |
| empirical | based on observation and experimentation |
| naturalistic observation | a scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments |
| case study | a carefully drawn biography of an individual |
| standardized test | a test in which an individual's score is compared to the scores of a group of similar individuals |
| selection factor | a source of research bias that may occur when subjects can choose to participate and not chosen at random |
| correlation coefficient | a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the direction (positive or negative) and strength of the relationship between two variables |
| positive correlation | a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other increases |
| negative correlation | a relation ship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases |
| experiment | a method of scientific investigation that seeks to discover cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables |
| hypothesis | a proposition to be tested |
| independent variable | a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so its effects can be observed |
| dependent variable | a measure of an assumed effects of an independent variable |
| experimental group | a group made up of subjects who receive a treatment in an experiment |
| control group | a group made up of subjects in an experiment who do not receive the treatment but for whom all other conditions are comparable to those of subjects in the experimental group |
| longitudinal research | the study of developmental processes by taking repeated measures of the same group of participants at various stages of development |
| cross-sectional research | the study of developmental processes by taking repeated measures of participants of different age groups at the same time |
| cohort effect | similarities in behavior among a group of peers that stem from the fact that group members were born at the same time in history |
| cross-sequential research | an approach that combines the longitudinal and cross-sectional methods by following individuals of different ages fro abbreviated periods of time |
| time-lag comparison | the study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of the same group at different times |
Created by:
nurseamber