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DH Anatomy & Phys

Dental Hygiene Anatomy and Physiology

Question	Answer
To enter body cells, glucose must bind to a specific membrane protein, which enables glucose to cross the membrane without using ATP. This type of movement in known as A.Facilitated diffusion, B. Simple diffusion, C.Vesicular transport D. Active transport	A. Facilitated diffusion is a process by which an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane.
Nicotine in cigarette smoke interferes with the ability of cells to rid passageways of debris. Which organelles are impaired by nicotine? A. Flagella B. Ribosomes C. Lysosomes D. Cilia	D. Cilia propel fluids across surfaces of cells that are firmly anchored in place; it helps sweep foreign particles trapped in mucus away from the lungs.
Water moves into and out of red blood cells through the process of: A. Endocytosis B. Phagocytosis C. Osmosis D. Exocytosis	C. Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Which of the following is true re: glandular tissue? A.Endocrine glands are composed of connective tissue, and exocrine glands are composed of modified epithelium B Endocrine gland secretions diffuse directly into the bloodstream, but exocrine gland secre	B. Endocrine gland secretions diffuse directly into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine gland secretions enter ducts that lead to the outside of the body.
Where would you find smooth muscle tissue? A. In the heart B. Attached to bones C. In the walls of hollow organs D. In the fibrous joints	C. Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, the stomach, intestines, and gallbladder.
If you pricked your fingertip with a needle, the first layer of the epidermis that it would penetrate is the: A. Stratum basale A. B. Stratum spinosum C. Stratum granulosum D. Stratum corneum	D. The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer of the epidermis.
The best definition of a hemangioma is: A. Uncontrolled growth of epithelial skin cells caused by the papilloma virus B. Localized tumor of the skin and subcutaneous layer caused by an abnormal increase in blood vessels C. Trauma or injury to a blood vess	Localized tumor of the skin and subcutaneous layer caused by an abnormal increase in blood vessels is the best definition of a hemangioma.
The presence of an epiphyseal line in a long bone indicates that the bone: A. Is undergoing resorption B. Is growing in length C. Is fractured D. Has stopped growing	With the appearance of the epiphyseal line, bone growth in length stops.
What substance in bone contributes to its strength? A. Red bone marrow B. Yellow bone marrow C. Collagen D. Hydroxyapatite	Collagen is the organic component of bone matrix that gives bone its strength.
The loss of which hormone contributes to osteoporosis in women? A. Parathyroid hormone B. Calcitriol C. Estrogen D. Thymosin	Estrogen stimulates bone mineralization, and it declines dramatically at menopause.
All of the following are functions of the fibrous capsule found in synovial joints except one. Which one is this exception? A. Permits movement B. Prevents dislocation C. Attaches to the periosteum of articulating bones D. Secretes synovial fluid	D. The synovial membrane, the inner layer of the articular capsule, secretes synovial fluid.
What is the characteristic of muscle tissue that allows it to return to its original shape after contraction? A. Extensibility B. Excitability C. Fused tetanus D. Elasticity	D. Elasticity is the ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape.
Persons with myasthenia gravis inappropriately produce antibodies that bind to and block acetylcholine receptors. As the disease progresses, muscles may cease to function. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement i	A. Both are true. ACH receptors open ion channels that allow sodium ions to flow across the membrane generating a muscle action potential that is necessary for muscle contraction. If this process is inhibited, muscles may eventually cease to function.
The depolarizing phase of a nerve impulse is caused by a rush of: A. Na+ into the neuron B. Na+ out of the neuron C. K+ into the neuron D. K+ out of the neuron	A threshold depolarization opens voltage-gated Na+ channels. As these channels open, about 20,000 sodium ions rush into the cell causing the depolarizing phase.
Which of the following cells produce myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system? A. Nodes of Ranvier B. Oligodendrocytes C. Langerhans’ cells D. Schwann cells	D. Schwann cells produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.
All of the following statements are true regarding the somatic nervous system except one. Which one is this exception? A. Provides the sense of touch B. Conducts impulses to skeletal muscles C. Has voluntary motor responses D. Dilates the pupil	D. Changes in the diameter of the pupil are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Which neurotransmitter is deficient in persons with Parkinson’s disease? A. Serotonin B. Endorphin C. Dopamine D. Norepinephrine	Dopamine regulates skeletal muscle tone and some aspects of movement; involuntary skeletal muscle contractions often interfere with voluntary movement causing shaking in persons with Parkinson’s disease.
The parasympathetic div of autonomic nervous sys controls resps. known as fight or flight. The sympathetic divi controls resp. known as rest and digest activities. A Both are true B Both are false C 1st = true 2nd = false D 1st = false 2nd = true	Both statements are false. The parasympathetic division controls “rest and digest” activities, and the sympathetic division is responsible for “flight or fight” responses.
Which ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. Trunk ganglia B. Prevertebral ganglia C. Basal ganglia D. Terminal ganglia	D. Preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia located close to or within the wall of the innervated organ.
Which of the following disorders is characterized by excessive contraction of arterioles within the fingers and toes due to prolonged sympathetic stimulation? A. Raynaud’s disease B. Horner’s syndrome C. Autonomic dysreflexia D. Sjögren’s syndrome	A. Raynaud’s disease is characterized by excessive contraction of arterioles; blood flow is greatly diminished to the fingers and toes. The disease is most common in young women and is worsened by cold climates, but causes are unknown.
All of the following are symptoms of glaucoma except one. Which one is this exception? A. Abnormally high intraocular pressure B. Blurring and distortion at the center of the visual field C. Irreversible destruction of the retina D. Loss of vision	B. Blurring and distortion at the center of the visual field is a symptom of macular degeneration.
Meissner’s corpuscles are sensory receptors for: A. Stretching sensation B. Fine-touch sensation C. Pressure sensation D. Taste sensation	B. Located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin, Meissner’s corpuscles are receptors for fine touch.
Equilibrium and the activities of muscles and joints are monitored by: A. Olfactory receptors B. Nociceptors C. Proprioceptors D. Thermoreceptors	C. Proprioceptors are found in skeletal muscle in tendons, synovial joints, and in the internal ear; they are responsible for sensing muscle contraction, tension in tendons, position of joints, and orientation of head and equilibrium.
Undersecretion of glucosteroids and aldosterone is the cause of which of the following disorders of the endocrine system? A. Diabetes insipidus B. Graves’ disease C. Addison’s disease D. Cushing’s syndrome	C. Addison’s disease is caused by undersecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone. Symptoms include mental lethargy, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, hypoglycemia, and muscular weakness.
Which is not true re: the lymph system? A. Lymph tissues transport lipids from the gi tract to blood B. Lymph is more similar to interstitial fluid than blood C. Lymph tissue is only in a few organs D. Lymph capillaries let blood flow in but not out	C. Lymphatic tissue is widely distributed throughout the body.
Which lymphatic organ functions in the production of T-cells and promotes their maturation? A. Thyroid gland B. Spleen C. Thymus D. Lymph nodes	C. Hormones produced by the thymus gland promote the proliferation and maturation of T cells.
Mr. Simonson suffered a spinal cord injury two years ago from a motorcycle accident. The injury is at the C7 level. 27. Which term most accurately describes Mr. Simonson’s condition? A. Hemiplegia B. Quadriplegia C. Triplegia D. Paraplegia	D. Paraplegia refers to the paralysis of the legs and in some cases the lower part of the body.
The number of cervical vertebrae in the spinal column is: A. 5 B. 12 C. 7 D. 26	C. There are seven cervical vertebrae in the spinal column.
The name of the first cervical vertebra is the: A. Atlas B. Axis C. Dens D. Vertebra prominens	A. The atlas is the first cervical vertebra that supports the head.
During DH care, Mr. S starts sweating profusely and complains of a bad headache, chills, muscle spasticity, and stuffy nose. What is Mr. S experiencing? A. Transient ischemic attack B. Myocardial infarction C. Autonomic dysreflexia D. Ataxia	C. Autonomic dysreflexia is a life-threatening condition in which the blood pressure increases sharply; it occurs in 85 percent of persons with a spinal cord injury at the T6 level or above.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by damage to a nerve in the: A. Lumbar plexus B. Cervical plexus C. Brachial plexus D. Sacral plexus	C. A compressed median nerve located in the brachial plexus is responsible for carpel tunnel syndrome.
Which type of joint is the wrist? A. Hinge joint B. Pivot joint C. Condyloid joint D. Ball-and-socket joint	C. Condyloid joint—a convex projection of one bone fits into concave depression of another; permits up-and-down and side-to-side movements.
The bones of the hand are called: A. Phalanges B. Metacarpals C. Carpals D. Metatarsals	B. Metacarpals are the bones of the hand.
Which bone articulates with the carpal bones? A. Radius B. Humerus C. Clavicle D. Patella	35. A. The distal end of the radius articulates with three of the carpal bones of the wrist.
Ms. Ramgren’s is diagnosed w/carpal tunnel, her tingling sensation is caused by compression of which nerve? A. Carpal nerve B. Sciatic nerve C. Accessory nerve D. Median nerve	D. The median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel.
The hormone primarily responsible for allowing glucose molecules to pass from the bloodstream into muscle cells is: A. Cortisol B. Insulin C. Glucagon D. Epinephrine	B. Insulin aids entry of glucose into body cells by means of facilitated diffusion.
Where in the body is insulin produced? A. Pancreas B. Adrenal gland C. Thyroid gland D. Pituitary gland	A. Insulin is produced in the islets of Langerhans, the endocrine part of the pancreas.
Sustained hyperglycemia may result in: A. Hyperinsulinism B. Insulin shock C. Ketoacidosis D. Diabetes insipidus	C. Ketoacidosis occurs when insulin deficiency speeds the breakdown of body fat reserves, which produces organic acids called ketones; excess ketones lower the pH of blood.
In type 1 diabetes, tissues become resistant to insulin produced in the pancreas. In type 2 diabetes, insulin is no longer produced in the pancreas. A Both are true B Both are false C 1st = true 2nd = false D 1st = false 2nd = true	B. Both are false. Type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin because the person’s immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells. In Type 2 , insulin receptors do not allow the insulin to help the glucose across the membranes and into the cells.
All of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia except one. Which one is this exception? A. Confusion B. Agitation C. Shakiness D. Bradycardia	D. Bradycardia is not a symptom of hypoglycemia, but tachycardia is a symptom.
Ms. J is 26 & has diabetes mellitus. She wears an insulin pump. Which is most important in determining Ms. J’s risk for perio dz? A. The type of diabetes B. Level of glycemic control C. Her diabetic meds D. Presence of xerostomia	B. Good glycemic control decreases the risk and severity of gingivitis and periodontitis.
Which of the following structures provides the opening to the exterior of the body for the urinary system? A. Nephron B. Ureter C. Urinary bladder D. Urethra	D. The urethra is a tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body.
An irreversible decline in the glomerular filtration rate best describes which of the following conditions? A. Dysuria B. Polyuria C. Urinary retention D. Chronic renal failure	D. Chronic renal failure is characterized by a decline in glomerular filtration rate responsible for this condition.
The purpose of the villi in the small intestine is : A. Aid in movement of food thru the small intestine B. Continue the digestion of lipids that began in the stomach C. Phagocytize microbes D. Increase surface area for absorption of digested nutrients	D. Lining of the small intestine forms a series of fingerlike projections called villi that increase the surface area for absorption of digested nutrients.
Best descriptor of esophagus? A Food enters esophagus from pyloric region B Movement of food thru entire esophagus is of voluntary control C Esophagus produces enzymes that aid in digestion D Esophagus is a muscular tube from the pharynx to the stomach	D. The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the laryngopharynx to the stomach.
Fertilization normally occurs in the: A. Vagina B. Vulva C. Ovary D. Uterus	D. The uterus is the site for fertilization.
Which term best describes a person experiencing muscle pain? A. Hypotonia B. Myalgia C. Myositis D. Hypertonia	B. Myalgia refers to muscle pain.
What is hemostasis? A. Maintenance of a steady state in the body B. A hereditary condition in which spontaneous bleeding occurs C. Red pigment in blood D. A series of events which when initiated or applied stops bleeding	D. Hemostasis is a series of events or actions that stop bleeding.
If a differential white blood cell count indicated higher than normal numbers of eosinophils, what may be occurring in the body? A. A severe viral infection B. An allergic reaction C. Leukopenia D. Presence of pathogenic bacteria	B. A high number of eosinophils could indicate an allergic reaction.

Created by: aheflin

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