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Everything that exists (stars, suns, planets, moons, and space) make up our
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The Universe is made up groups of billions of stars called
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Stars Exam Review
ES
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Everything that exists (stars, suns, planets, moons, and space) make up our | universe |
| The Universe is made up groups of billions of stars called | galaxies |
| Galaxies are made up of groups called ____ _____ containing one star with planets, moons, asteroids, and meteorites. | solar system |
| What is the name of our galaxy? | Milky Way |
| Our sun is one | star |
| How many planet orbit or Sun? | 8 |
| Name the planets in order from the one closest to the Sun to the one farthest away: | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune |
| Which object is the most massive object in our solar system? | Sun |
| What causes planets to orbit around the Sun and moons to orbit around planets? | Gravity |
| The visible surface of the Sun, which is the Sun's atmosphere's inner layer is called the | photosphere |
| The middle layer of the Sun's atmosphere, which emits X-rays in the shape of a crown is called the | Corona |
| The corona gives off blasts of plasma ions that radiate outward forming a solar | wind |
| What is the name of the two huge rings of high-energy particles in the Van Allen belts collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere | Van Allen belt |
| What is the name for the light that is given when the high-energy particles in the Van Allen belts collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere | Aurora |
| Bright spots on the surface of the Sun's photosphere due to the Sun's magnetic field disturbing the solar atmosphere that appear to be dark because they are cooler than surrounding areas are called | sunspots |
| Violent eruptions of particle and radiation from the Sun's surface are called solar | flares |
| The center of the Sun is called the ___ and contains ____ atoms under high temperatures and pressures | core; hydrogen |
| What is the name of the reaction that occurs in the core of the Sun and other stars that combines hydrogen atoms into helium atoms releasing huge amounts of energy and radiation | nuclear fusion |
| Since a hydrogen atom's nucleus is just a proton, the fusion reactions in the Sun are also called ____ reactions | fision |
| Does the helium atom have more or less mass than the four hydrogen atoms that went together to make it up? | less |
| Where did the mass go | in the form of energy |
| Who came up with the equation, E= mc^2, which states that matter and energy are the same? | Albert |
| What is the name of this theory stating that matter and energy are the same (equivalent)? | relatively |
| At its current rate of hydrogen fusion, how many years will it take before the Sun uses up all of its hydrogen?? | 5 billion |
| How does 86% of the energy from the Sun's inner radiation zone reach the upper levels? | Radiation |
| How does energy pass through the Sun's outer convection zone? | Convection currents |
| Once the energy hits the Sun's surface, what happens to it? It radiates out in all | directions |
| What prevents all of the Sun's radiation/energy from reaching the surface of the Earth? | atmosphere |
| The arrangement of visible light by its wavelengths creates a | spectrum |
| a. Which type of spectrum occurs when light passes through a prism | spiral |
| b. Which type of spectrum occurs when a non-compressed gas gives off bright lines at certain wavelengths | emission |
| c. Which type of spectrum occurs when certain wavelengths of light from a continuous spectrum are absorbed by a cooler gas placed in front of it? | absorption |
| d. For the same element, the absorption spectrum will have ___ lines that match the bright lines of emission spectrum | dark |
| The Sun is 71% _______ and 27.1% ______ and a small amount of other elements | hydrogen; helium |
| A collection of stars that create a certain shape and is named after an animal or mythical creature is called a ___________ | Constellation |
| Are the stars in the constellations close to one another? | No |
| Shifts in the wavelength of light due to the movement of an object or the observer is called a _______ shift | Doppler |
| a. A shift toward shorter wavelengths is called a ____ shift and occurs when a star is moving toward the observer | blue |
| b. A shift toward longer wavelengths is called a ___ shift and occurs wen a star is moving away from the observer | red |
| Name the two units of measure that astronomers use for long distances: | parsec |
| a. The distance that light travels in one year is called a | light year (ly) |
| b. How long is a light year distance? | 9.461 x 10^12 |
| c. 3.26 light-years is equal to _____ (pc) and is 3.086 x 10^13 km | parsec |
| The apparent shift in position of an object caused by motion of the observer is called | parallax |
| How bright a star appears is called the ________ magnitude or flux. The absolute magnitude is ________. | apparent; luminosity |
| A giant sphere of extreely hot, luminous gas (mostly hydrogen and helium) held together by gravity is called a | star |
| About how many stars are there? | Billions of Trillions |
| The process by which a star changes through time is called ______ _______. Stellar means ____. Evolution means to ________ over time. | Stellar evolution; star; change |
| What are four general phases in the life cycle of a star? | Birth, main sequence, Old Age, Death |
| What determines the life span of a star (how long it lives?) | Mass |
| Which type of stars have a longer life span? | Less massive |
| Why do more massive stars have a shorter life span? They have more hydrogen _____ which produces higher core temperatures which causes the fuel to be used up ______ (they have faster reactions) | fuel; faster |
| Low mass stars are smaller stars that burn ______ and longer (have a longer life span) tend to have ______ temperatures, are dim, and burn what colors? | slower; cooler; red, orange, yellow |
| Medium mass stars like our Sun burn what colors? | Orange and Yellow |
| Large mass stars are so hot that they burn what colors? | Blue and White |
| Which large mass star is the brightest star that we see? | Sirius |
| Name the four life cycle stages common to all stars: | Nebula, Protostar, T-Tauri phase, Main Sequence |
| A cloud of dust and gas that swirls and eventually collapses to form a star is called a | Nebula |
| The result of the gravitational collapse of a nebula forms an infant star called a | Protostar |
| Stars want to maintain ______ between its internal forces pushing ___ and gravity pulling ___ | equilibrium; out; in |
| Which formative star stage consists of a large (billions of kilometer in diameter) gas cloud spinning very rapidly, generating intense heat and pressure that can last for 100,000 yrs? | Protostar |
| At what temperatures can hydrogen fusion begin to occur? | 10 degress |
| What is the name of the star phase in which the infant star is not hot enough to start nuclear fusion yet, but gravity has reduced it to the size of a low/medium mass star because it is not burning hydrogen at its core? | T-Tauri phase |
| What stage represents 90% of the star's life? | Main Sequence |
| What stage represents the portion of the star's life when it is undergoing hydrogen fusion? | main sequence |
| What are the three final life stages for low and medium mass stars? | Red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf |
| When a low or medium mass star has used all of is fuel and swollen up the 100-1000 times the size of our Sun, and is glowing red, it is called a | Red giant |
| Eventaully, a star's outer layers will be shed in an explosion called a ________ nebula | Planetary |
| The small remaining core of a low or medium mass star that remain after the red giant sheds its outer layers and is scorching hot and glowing white is called a | White dwarf |
| The remains (remnants) of a white dwarf of a low to medium mass star is called a | Black dwarf |
| Why are black dwarfs called theoretical? | Nobody knows what it look like |
| What are the three final life stages of a large mass star? | Red super giant, super nova, black hole |
| What is the name of a star that is so large (8-9 times as large as our Sun) that its core temperatures are so high that it can continue fusion reactions after the helium is used up (other nuclei are fused)? | Red super giant |
| What forms as soon as a red supergiant forms iron? | Super Nova |
| What is the name of a star that is so large (8-9 times as large as Our sun) that its core temperatures are so high that it can continue fusion reactions after the helium is used up (other nuclei are fused) | Red super giant |
| What forms as soon as a red super-giant forms iron? | Super Nova |
| What is the name of one of the densest, heaviest objects in the Universe that is composed of neutrally-charged particles that results from a collapsing core that is 1.4-3 solar masses big? | Neutron Star |
| What forms when a stellar core of more than 3 solar masses collapses with a gravitational force so strong that the collapse is unstoppable resulting in a point known as singulariy? | Black hole |
| Why is it called a black hole? | No light can escape it |
| What is the shape of the Milky Way galaxy? | Disk shape |
| Which law states that out universe is expanding? | Hubble law |
| The study of the Universe, its nature, origin, and evolution is called | cosmology |
| Which theory states that the Universe began as a point that violently began to expand and is still expanding? | Big Bang |
| An echo of the Big Bang is the presence of microwaves (weak radiation) in space that is called | Cosmic Background Radiation |
| The dominant mass that makes up galaxies and is thought to be made up of a form of subatomic particles that interacts only weakly with other matter is called | Dark matter |
| What covers the Universe the way that water covers the Earth's surface? | Dark energy |
| Which theory contradicted the Big Bang theory and started that the Universe has always been and will always be and is not expanding? | Study Stay energy |
| Which theory states that the expansion of the Universe will never stop? | Open Universe Theory |
| Which theory states that the expansion of the Universe will stop and will turn into a contraction returning it to its original state? | Closed Universe |
| Which theory states that the expansion of the Universe will stop in an indefinite amount o time but will not contract(it will slow as if it has stopped) | Flat |
| What is the name of the boundary of a black hole's surface where an object would need to travel faster than the speed of light to exit | Black hole horizon |
| Which law states that the objects of different temperatures emit spectra with different wavelenghts and colors | Wein's |
| Do hotter objects emit radiation with shorter or longer wavelenghts? | Shorter |
| Do cooler objects emit radiation with shorter or longer wavelengths? | Longer |
| Are white objects hot or cool? | Hot |
Created by:
Sharnya17