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Stack #3541130
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All three of the naturally occurring radioactive decay chains end in a stable isotope of? | Lead |
| each radionuclide has unique qualities of? | Rate of decay, Type, and energy of decay |
| The ________ is a unit of exposure | Roentgen |
| The ________ is a unit of absorbed dose | Rad |
| The relationship between populations of neutrons and protons in a nucleus and the stability of that nucleus is best described as? | The higher the Z number of the atom the more neutrons are required, thus a higher value for the neutron/proton ratio in stable nuclides |
| What is not one of the three naturally occurring radioactive families? | Americium |
| The three naturally occurring radioactive decay series are? | Actinium, Thorium and Uranium |
| The rate of decay and the type of energy of decay are unique for? | Each radionuclide |
| which is an aspect associated with the radioactive decay of a specific radionuclide? | Mode of decay |
| The becquerel is defined as? | 1 dps |
| the activity per unit mass of a radioactive substance is defined as its? | Specific activity |
| The gray is defined as? | the unit of absorbed dose from any radiation that will deposit 1 joule of energy in one kilogram of any material. |
| a ___________ is used to convert energy deposited per unit mass to dose equivalent | Quality factor |
| The quantity exposure is defined as? | the ionization produced by x- and gamma radiation in the air |
| The radioactive half life is defined as | the length of time required for one half of the original number of nuclei to disintegrate. |
| what term describes the activity of one gram of a radioactive substance? | Specific activity |
| proportional counters can detect thermal neutrons by | using B-10 as a fill gas and detector lining |
| a "scintilation detector" is an example of which of the following categories of detector? | Excitation detector |
| the unit volt is used to measure? | Potential energy |
| dead time for geiger mueller detectors is the period of time which? | a second pulse will not be detected. |
| the compound in the scintillation detector system that converts radiation energy to photos light energy is called the? | scintillation metrical |
| the component in a photomultiplier tube that amplifies photoelectrons to a stable electrical signal is called that | Dynode/Anode assembly |
| the component in a scintillation detector system that collects the photos and generates the photo electrons is the? | Photocathode |
| the primary advantage of HPGe semiconductors detectors over GeLi semiconductors detectors is that they? | Can be stored at room tempature |
| biological elimination and _______ are two natural mechanisms that reduce the amount of rzdionuclidides in the body | Radioactive decay |
| how does a mobilizing agent increase the elimination rate of radioactive material from the body? | by increasing the natural turnover process, thus releasing incorporated radioactive atoms |
| entry of rad materials into the body by inhalation can b e prevented or minimized by? | Using engineering controls |
| what are the 4 pathways through which rad materials can enter the body? | Absorption, Inhalation, Ingestion, through open wounds. |
| which of the following explain how DACs are related to ALIs? | The DAC is the ALI divided by the volume of air breathed by an average worker during a working year |
| The Annual Limit of intake (ALI) is partially based on? | the metabolic processes for the nuclides invloced |
| two natural mechanisms that reduce the number of radionuclides in the body are radioactive decay and ______? | Biological elimination |
| the use of mockups to reduce external radiation exposure primarily utilizes the principle of? | Time |
| Source reduction by moving the source material to another location could involve? | Removing Resins or filter media |
| The density thickness value for the skin of the whole body ( living tissue) on humans is? | 1000 mg/cm2 |
| The use of remote video cameras to reduce exposure to personnel primarily utilizes the principle of? | distance |
| Two of the four basic methods available to reduce external exposure to personnel are? | reduce the radiation intensity by using shielding and reduce the amount of time of exposure |
| one reason for holding a post job review would be to? | Investigate unusual exposure events. |
| radiation exposure should be reduced whatever the cost if? | a proportional relationship exists between dose and effect for all doses |
| when are emergency procedures discussed? | ALARA PRE JOB brief |
| The purpose of the DOE radiological control manual is to provide reasonable measure to protect the safety and health of? | Workers and the public |
| Which Group/Agency is charged with developing regulations for radiation matters in the USA? | Department of energy ( DOE ) |
| The DOE radiological Control manual applies to? | DOE activities that manage radiation and radioactive materials and that may potentially result in radiation exposure to workers, the public and the Enivroment |
| According to Bergonie and Tribondeau that radiosensitivity of tissues is _________ proportional to its degree of differentiation | Inversely |
| A example of a stochastic effect is? | Cancer |
| An absorbed dose of 3,000 to 5,000 rads to the cell will rupture the __________, allowing nutrients to escape and harmful fluids to enter the cell | Cell Membrane |
| Which free radical product is a chemical poison to the cell? | Hydrogen Peroxide |
| Which part of the cell is a jelly-like substance in which the nucleus is suspended? | Cytoplasm |
| an absorbed dose of 500 to 1,000 rads will rupture the _______ and cause the release of digestive enzymes | Lysosome |
| Not a heritable effect | birth defects in offspring's of the exposed individual |
| Characteristic symptoms of GI syndrome include those of hematopoietic syndrome plus? | loss of weight |
| which of the main categories of neutrons has the most kinetic energy | Relatvistic |
| Bremstrahlung is best described as the processs of? | an energetic beta particle interacts with a high z-atom and releases energy as it slows down |
| Inelastic scattering occurs when a neutron strikes a large nucleus, this leads to the nucleus emitting ________ Radiation | Gamma |
| what is the possible adverse effect of shielding high energy beta particles with high atomic number materials? | Bremsstrahlung |
| a photon of at least 1.02 Mev, interacts with the field of the nucleus of an atom. the photon disappears and an electron/positron pair is created. this process is called? | Pair production |
| an interaction occurs when a neutron strikes a large nucleus. the neutron is momentarily absorbed and then emitted at a lower energy. the nucleus is left in an exited state and emits a gamma. this type of interaction is called? | Elastic Scattering |
| Which of the main categories of neutrons has the least connected energy? | Thermal |
| The process of raising an orbital electron from one energy level to the highest energy level within the atom is called ______? | Excitation |
| 1 DPS | Becquerel |
| All three naturally occuring radioactive decay chains all end in a stable isotope of? | Pb (Lead) |
| Radioactivity is defined as? | the property of certain nuclides of spontaneously emitting radiation |
| the length of time required for one-half of the original number of nuclei to disintegrate is the definition of? | half life |
| one grey is equal to ? | 100 rad |
| if a nuclide has been made radioactive by a man-made process. it is referred to being _________ radioactive | Artificially |
| U235 decays to? | PB-207 |
| Nucleus | most sensitive to radiation |
| Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau | INVERSELY proportional to its degree of differentiation and DIRECTLY proportional to its REPRODUCTIVE Capacity |
| Most sensitive to radiation | Red bone marrow, White blood and immature sex cells |
| Least sensitive to radiation | Bone cells |
| Deterministic effect example | Cataracts |
| LD 50/30 | 50 % of a large group will die within 30 days without medical attention. 450 Rem |
| Somatic effects are | Exposed individual ( Cancer, Cataracts ) |
| Hertiabnle effects | Offspring ( slow mental development, Birth defects, low birth weight. |
| Chronic exposure | as small as 600 to 900 R may produce cataracts |
| Hemopoetic system | 200 - 1000 rads |
| GI system | 1,000 - 5,000 rads |
| Central nervous system | 5,000 rads and up |
| Embryo and fetus exposure | 400-600 rad during the first trimester can terminate a pregncacy |
| ICRU ( International commission on radiological units and measure | formed in 1925 |
| ICRP ( international commission on radiation protection | formed in 1928 |
| NCRP ( national council on radiation protection and measurement ) | Formed in 1929 |
| AEC ( Atomic Energy Commission ) | Formed in 1946 |
| NRC ( Nuclear Regulatory commission ) | Formed in 1974 |
| Shall meaning | MUST DO |
| Should meaning | can do but can provided alternative means |
| ALARA | There is some risk associated with any dose |
| 4 methods to external exposure control | Time, Distance, Shielding, Source reduction |
| Exposure definition | Ionization produced by x-ray and gamma radiation in air |
| Absorbed dose | energy deposited per unit mass |
| dose quivalent | absorbed dose x quality factor |
| quality factor | converts absorbed dose to dose equivalent |
| Roengen | 2.58e-4 c/kg = photon radiation in air |
| Rad | 100 ergs/gram = any radiation in any material |
| Gray | 1 Joule |
| Rem | rad x quality factor |
| Ionization definition | process of removing an electron from an orbit of an electrically neutral atom or molecule. it results in a negative electron and a positive atom ( Ion pair) |
| W value | Energy needed to create a ion pair |
| Specific Ionization | Number of ion pairs created per centimeter |
| Linear Energy Transfer | average depth where the charged particle has no kinetic energy |
| Stopping power | energy lost per centimeter for giving absorber |
| Photoelectric effect | Low energy photo transfer all of its energy to an orbital electron, the gamma photo disappears and the orbital electron is ejected from the atom |
| Compton scattering | photo imparts a portion of its energy to an orbital electron, ejecting the electron from the atom and emitting a secondary photon at reduced energy |
| Skin density thickness | 7 mg/cm3 |
| lens of eyes density thickness | 300 mg/cm3 |
| Force | Changing speed or direction |
| Work | Force x distance |
| Energy | ability to do work |
| Kinetic energy | Motion |
| Potential energy | Position of the object |
| Thermal energy | Random Motion of Molecules |
| Chemical energy | Atomic and molecular interaction which from new substances |
| Law of Conservation of energy | Total amount of energy in a closed system remains unchanged |
| Solid | Definite shape and volume |
| Liquid | Indefinite shape and definite volume |
| Gas | Indefinite shape and volume |
| Protons | Charge +1 and is found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Neutron | Neutrally charged and is found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron | Charge of -1 and orbits the nucleus of an atom |
| Atomic Number ( Z ) | Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Mass Number ( A ) | Number of all nucleons ( Neutrons and Protons ) in a nucleus of an atom |
| Atomic Mass | Weight of a particular isotope in AMU |
| Atomic Weight | Average Mass of an element, Based on the percent abundance of its naturally occurring isotopes |
| Element Symbol | X |
| Periodic table | In order of Increasing atomic number and has a predictable and recurring pattern. |
| Horizontal Row on periodic table | Period |
| Vertical column on periodic table | Group |
| Valence Shell | The highest ( Outermost ) occupied electron energy level |
| Valence Electrons | Electron from the valence shell |
| Nucleons | Particles in an atoms nucleus ( protons and neutrons ) |
| Nuclide | Atom with a specific combination of neutrons and protons |
| Isotopes | nuclides that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
| mass energy equivalence ( E=mc2) | mass and energy are interchangeable |
| Mass defect | Amount of mass that was converted to energy when the atom was formed |
| binding energy | energy that holds the nucleus together |
| Fission | Splitting of a nucleus into at least two other nuclei |
| Critical energy for fission | Energy required to force the nucleus to the point of seperation |
| Critcality | Neutrons are equal to the number of neutrons in a previous generation |
| Fusion | Process of combining nuclei into a large nucleus |
| Cosmic Radiation | 27 |
| Terrestrail | 28 |
| Internal emitters ( Food chain ) | 39 |
| Inhaled radionuclides * Radon * | 200 |
| Nuclear fallout | < 1 |
| Nuclear facilities | < 1 |
| Consumer products | 10 |
| medical exposures | 59 |
| Radioactivity | property of certain nuclides to spontaneously emit radiation |
| Radioactive decay | Process by which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates by discrete energy steps until a stable state is reach |
| Alpha Radation | heavy particle with two protons and two neutrons, a mass of 4 AMU and a charge of +2 that is emitted from the nucleus |
| Beta Radiation | Small particle, essentially the same as an electron, with a charge of -1 and a mass of 5.49e-4 AMU |
| Gamma Radiation | Electromagnetic energy emitted from the nucleus with no mass or charge |
| Naturally radioactivity | No man made process involved all natural. |
| why are fission products unstable? | Neutrons to protons are to high |
| Thorium series decays to | PB 208 |
| Actinium series decays to | PB 207 |
| Curie (CI) | 3.7E10 dps |
| Elastic scattering | neutron strikes a nucleus of the same size and is deflected off at a lower energy |
| Inelastic scattering | neutron strikes a large nucleus and absorbs and then emit a lower energy gamma photo |
| Mitochondria | Acts as the power plant and supplies energy to the cell |
| Lysosome | Contains digestive enzymes that breakdown large molecules |
| Cytoplasm | least affected by radiation |
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