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ANATOMY 220
Practice Final week 5-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is are the two types/functions of bone marrow? | Red and yellow- produces red blood cells and stores energy as fat |
| The external portion of the bone is known as | Cortical bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the | Epiphyseal plates |
| Which of the following is not considered a long bone | C5 Vertebral Body |
| When an astronaut is in space for 2 months what may happen to their bone density as compared to a person living on earth? | The astronaut will experience bone loss at an increased rate as a person on earth |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal. | Because it is semi-solid and flexible; because has no or a limited blood supply |
| Which of the following is a location in which you would find fibrous cartilage | Pubic symphysis, interverbal discs |
| Adipocytes, found in the yellow bone marrow, stores and releases ____________________________ for energy. | fat and triglycerides |
| Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? | protection of internal organs |
| Without red bone marrow, bones would not be able to ________. | make blood cells |
| Which of the following provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement? | Cartilages |
| The fontenelles of an infant's skull consists of | fibrous membrane |
| Which statement below is correct regarding fontanelles? | The anterior and posterior fontanelles allow for overlaping of skull bones to decrease the diamiter of the fetal head at birth.; allows for brain growth; the anterior fontanelle closes at about 2 years of age; the fontanelles are fibrous membranes |
| Hematopoietic stem cells that are found in red bone marrow can develop into a variety of different blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. | True |
| An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is | osteorporosis |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanelles |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | kyphosis |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | additional matrix |
| Which of the following is not dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood? | blood clotting; transmission of nerve impulses; contraction of cardiac muscle > all of the above are dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone: | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodling activity |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle. | false |
| The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called: | osteoclasts |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? | phosphorus |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | osteoblasts |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| If the cribriform plate is damaged, there is a chance of: | infectious materials passing from the nose to the brain |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35 and 40 |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe | false |
| When the knee is flexed, the patella can be easily distinguished. | false |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the: | addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | osteoclasts |
| A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the: | knee |
| An open fracture is also known as a compound fracture. | true |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer. | third |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: | amount of calcium in bone increases; level of calcium in the blood decreases |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | cylindrical in shape |
| During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: | pelvic outlet |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the: | humerus |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | scapula |
| Hematopoiesis is carried out in the: | red bone marrow |
| Because of how the clavicle articulates with the scapula, all shoulder movements involve the sternoclavicular joint. | true |
| The following are functions of bone except for | support, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis; all of the above are functions of the bone |
| Which of the following is not a function of muscles? | storage |
| A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called an | isometric contraction |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called | lactate |
| According to the sliding filament theory | actine moves past myosin |
| The joint present during the growth years between the epiphyses of a long bone and its diaphysis is the | synchondrosis |
| The largest and most commonly injured joint in the body is the _____ joint. | knee |
| Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell? | transverse tubule |
| Muscle tone is maintained by | negative feedback mechanisms |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP |
| Which type of movement occurs between the carpal and tarsal bones and between the articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae? | gliding |
| Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? | elbow joint |
| The structure of the knee joint permits movements of | flexion and extension |
| Joints joined by fibrocartilage are called | symphyses |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | sarcomere |
| The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the | threshold stimulus |
| The joints between the articulating surfaces of the vertebral processes are classified as what type of joint? | gliding |
| The muscle’s ability to stretch or extend and to return to its resting length is called | extensibility |
| Repeated stimulation of muscle in time lessens its excitability and contractibility and may result in | fatigue |
| The four kinds of protein that make up myofilaments are myosin, actin, | tropomysosing and troponin |
| Synarthrotic joints are | immovable |
| Synovial joints are | freely movable |
| Some synovial joints contain a closed pillow-like structure called a(n) | bursa |
| Which subtype of fibrous joints is found only in the skull? | suture |
| If a structural classification is used, joints are named according to the type of _____ tissue that joins the bones together. | connective |
| The shoulder joint is an example of a _____ joint. | the shoulder joint is an example of all of these: multiaxial, freely movable, ball and socket |
| The more muscle fibers contracting at the same time, the stronger the contraction of the entire muscle. The number of muscle fibers contracting depends on how many motor units are | recruited |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase |
| Which of the following is not among the structures that characterize synovial joints? | tendons |
| Exercise may cause an increase in muscle size called | hypertrophy |
| _____ occurs when the foot is tilted upward, thus decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg. | Dorsiflexion |
| Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by: | all of the above: a relative lack of ATP; high levels of lactate; failure of the sodium-potassium pumps |
| Moving a body part away from the medial plane of the body is called: | abduction |
| White fibers are also called _____ fibers. | fast |
| Which type of joint joins the two pubic bones together? | symphysis |
| Which of the following terms describes an isometric contraction? | Static tension |
| Thick myofilaments extend the length of the: | A-band |
| An example of a hinge joint is(are) the: | interphalangeal joints |
| The chief function of the T-tubules is to: | allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell |
| Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called: | plantar flexion |
| The opposite of dorsiflexion is: | plantar flexion |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect about motor units? | The more muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron, the more precise the movements of that muscle can be |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule |
| Muscle contractions will continue as long as: | the calcium ions are attached to the troponin |
| The ion necessary for cross-bridging is: | calcium |
| All of the following are noninflammatory joint disorders except: | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
| Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles? | protection |
| An example of a pivot joint is(are) the: | head of the radius articulating with the ulna |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | single-unit smooth |
| The rotator cuff muscles and tendons form a cufflike arrangement around the _____ joint. | shoulder |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: | iron |
| Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction? | isometric |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint. | hinge |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called a(n) _____ contraction. | isotonic |
| Which joint allows for the widest range of movement? | ball and socket |
| In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint? | synarthrosis |
| What are the most movable joints in the body? | synovial |
| The ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called: | irritability |
| Which structure functions to temporarily store calcium ions? | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| The type of movement that occurs when the head is dropped to the shoulder, then to the chest, to the other shoulder, and toward the back is: | circumduction |
| The protein molecule that has heads jutting out for cross-bridging is: | myosin |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | somatic motor neurons |
| Which type of muscle does not have T-tubules? | smooth |
| Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect? | cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract |
| Which joint allows for the most movement? | ball and socket |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: | liver |
| The largest and most frequently injured joint is the: | knee |
| The strength of a muscle contraction is influenced by the: | all of the above are correct: amount of load; intial length of muscle fibers; recruitment of motor units |
| Kicking a football is accomplished by knee: | extension |
| Rotator cuff surgery is performed quite commonly on professional baseball players, especially pitchers. Evidently, the throwing motion places enormous stress on the: | shoulder |
| Which of the following is not a part of the neuromuscular junction? | T-tubules |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | saddle |
| Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding heat production? | all of the above are correct: The body temperature set point is established by the hypothalamus; shivering will increase body temperature; body temperature functions on a negative-feedback mechanism |
| A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | multiaxial |
| Moving a part of the body forward is: | protraction |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? | latent period |
| The difference between sodium and potassium in the generation of action potential is that: | sodium causes depolarization of the cell membrane, and potassium causes repolarization of the cell membrane. |
| The tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon is called a(n) | symaptic knob |
| The magnitude of the action potential peaks when the sodium channels close. | true |
| Which chemicals allow neurons to communicate with one another? | neurotransmitters |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is | nerve impulse |
| The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron’s plasma membrane is called the _____ membrane potential. | resting |
| The sodium-potassium pump actively pumps three potassium ions out of the neuron and two sodium ions into the neuron. | false |
| Movement of the membrane potential away from zero (below the usual RMP) is called | hyperpolarization |
| The mechanisms that produce and maintain the resting membrane potential do so by producing a | slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the plasma membrane |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the __________ period. | refractory |
| A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be | polarized |
| If the magnitude of the local depolarization surpasses a limit called the _____, voltage-gated Na+ channels are stimulated to open. | threshold potential |
| An ion channel that opens in response to a sensory stimulus is a(n) | stimulus-gated channel |
| Which membrane receptor acts to directly change ion permeability when stimulated? | Gated-channel receptor |
| What mechanism quickly terminates the action of a neurotransmitter once it binds to its postsynaptic receptor? | All of these are correct: Neurotransmitter molecules are transported into nearby glial cells; Neurotransmitter molecules are transported back into synaptic knobs; Neurotransmitter molecules are metabolized into inactive compounds |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | sodium-potassium pump |
| In a myelinated neuron, the impulse can travel under the myelin between nodes of Ranvier. | True |
| In depolarization the membrane potential moves toward zero, whereas in hyperpolarization the membrane potential moves away from zero. | True |
| In a myelinated fiber, the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. | True |
| The speed of a nerve impulse depends on the neuron’s resting potential. | False |
| A synapse can occur only between an axon and: | any of the above: a dendrite; a cell body |
| When a neuron is resting, the inner surface of its plasma membrane is slightly positive compared with its outer surface. | False |
| The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a membrane is called the membrane potential. | True |
| When neurotransmitters from synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effect can add up over a brief period to produce an action potential. This is called | Temporal summation |
| If the threshold potential is surpassed, the full peak of the action potential is always reached. | true |
| Whether an impulse is continued through the neuron depends on the magnitude of the voltage in the axon hillock. | true |
| The action potential seems to “leap” from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called __________ conduction. | saltatory |
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? | action |
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? | false |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. | chemical |
Created by:
mkdanao