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Logical Fallacies
| Term | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| begging the question | when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it | Murder is morally wrong. The death penalty is murder. Therefore, the death penalty is wrong. |
| either/or fallacy | we are given the choice between two possible alternatives, when more than two exist | You’re either a good American and support our government, or you don’t support our government and you hate America. |
| composition | we assume that if all parts have a given quality then the whole of the parts will have it as well | Bubba loves smoothies for breakfast. He also loves scrambled eggs, fresh fruit, sausage, toast, oatmeal, and coffee for breakfast. Therefore bubba would love a smoothie made of those things. |
| division | the opposite of composition; we think the parts of the whole contain the same quality as the whole | Blueberry muffins taste good. Therefore, the individual ingredients of the blueberry muffins also taste good. |
| false cause | a flawed connection is made between events | Yesterday Bubba went out in the rain without a jacket. The next day he was diagnosed with Covid. Therefore, the rain caused Bubba to get Covid. |
| red herring | an irrelevant issue is introduced into the argument | In a debate about the need to protect endangered animals the following comment is made: Each year, thousands of people across the country die in car accidents. Why should we worry about endangered animals? |
| slippery slope | we assume one action will initiate a chain of events culminating in an undesirable event later; makes it seem like the final event (the bottom of the slope) is inevitable | Teaching sex education in school, encourages more students to be sexual active. If students are more sexually active then teen pregnancies and STDs will increase. Students will then drop out of school and have no chance to succeed in life. |
| strawman | appears to refute the original argument but is actually arguing a point not in the original argument | President Obama could not have had American interests in mind when he was president because he’s not truly American but Muslim. |
| false analogy | occurs when there is a weak or nonexistent connection between things being compared | Humans and animals are both living, breathing beings. Humans have civil rights. Therefore, animals have civil rights |
| complex question | attempts to trap the respondent regardless of whether they answer yes or no | Senator, have you stopped cheating on your taxes. |
Created by:
megan.gayer
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