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Respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways of the lungs is called | pneumonia |
| A common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree is | Acute bronchitis |
| The _____ of each lung lies against the ribs and is rounded to match the contours of the thoracic cavity. | costal surface |
| The roof of the nose is separated from the cranial cavity by a portion of the ethmoid bone called the | cribform plate |
| The surface of the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus is coated with a fluid containing | surfactant |
| The small leaf-shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the | Epiglottis |
| Which organ consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles or fibrous and elastic tissue components? | larynx |
| The vibrissae function as | filters |
| Gas exchange occurs only in the | Alveoli |
| The air-containing spaces that open, or drain, into the nasal cavity are called | Paranasal sinuses |
| If you were to trace the movement of air through the nose into the pharynx, it would pass through the following structures in which order? | anterior nares, vestibule, meatus, and posterior nares |
| The microscopic cilia function to | move mucus towards the pharynx |
| During respiration, the thorax | becomes larger when the chest is raised. |
| The trachea divides at its lower end into two | primary bronchi. |
| The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs make up the | lower respiratory tract. |
| What variations exist in the body to temporarily store or carry oxygen? | Neuroglobin, myoglobin, and fetal hemoglobin |
| Which structural feature facilitates oxygen diffusion from the alveolar air into the blood in lung capillaries? | The alveolar and capillary walls are both very thin, The alveolar and capillary surfaces are both extremely large, The lung capillaries accommodate a large amount of blood at one time, and Each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air. |
| Which oxygen-binding protein helps move oxygen out of the blood and into muscle cells? | Myoglobin |
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the | medullary rhythmicity area. |
| The apparatus used to measure the volume of air exchanged in breathing is called a(n) | Spirometer. |
| During inspiration, as the size of the thorax increases, the | intrapleural and alveolar pressures decrease |
| The exact amount of oxygen in blood depends mainly on the amount of | hemoglobin |
| Oxygen enters blood from alveolar air because the partial pressure of alveolar air is | greater than the partial pressure of incoming blood. |
| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the | thoracic cavity. |
| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form | carbonic acid |
| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. | Boye's |
| An obstructive lung disorder that is characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchial air passages is | asthma |
| Spirometry is used to measure all of the following EXCEPT: | TLC total lung capacity |
| In what form does oxygen travel in the blood? | dissolved oxygen in the plasma and associated with hemoglobin |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as | the Bohr effect. |
| Hyperpnea means a(n) | increase in breathing. |
| During the respiratory cycle, intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. This difference is called | transpulmonary pressure |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. | tidal |
| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. | vital capacity |
| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is | carbaminohemoglobin |
| The amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood each minute depends on which factor? | oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood, total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane, respiratory minute volume, and alveolar ventilation |
| The forced expiratory volume test can determine the presence of respiratory obstruction by measuring the | volume of air expired per second during forced expiration |
| The exit of the bicarbonate ion from the red blood cell is balanced by the inward transport of another negative ion, chloride. This countertransport of negative ions is often called the _____ shift. | chloride |
| The sensors that provide feedback information to the medullary rhythmicity area are the | central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors. |
| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of | bicarbonate ions |
| Which term refers to the volume of inspired air that actually reaches, or “ventilates,” the alveoli? | alveolar ventilation |
| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as | compliance |
| The mechanism that produces pulmonary ventilation is one that establishes a gas pressure gradient between the | atmosphere and the alveolar air |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes | a drop in pH in the blood. |
| According to the law of partial pressures, the partial pressure of gas in a mixture of gases is | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the total pressure of the mixture |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | conchae |
| The upper respiratory tract includes all of the following structures except the: | trachea |
| The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the: | septum |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? | They serve in voice production. |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx |
| The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the: | nasopharynx |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent the alveoli from collapsing |
| The small openings in the cribriform plate function to: | allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain. |
| The approximate length of the trachea, or windpipe, is _____ cm. | 11 |
| The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the: | maxillary |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are: | bronchioles |
| Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? | distributes oxygen to cells |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: | Nostrils, anterior nares, and external nares. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with: | air |
| Which of the following is not a function of the pharynx? | Determines the quality of the voice |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the: | throat |
| Which of the following is not lined with a ciliated mucous membrane? | vestibule |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: | covering the superior turbinate. |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the: | horizontal fissure |
| The fauces, one of the seven openings found in the pharynx, opens into the: | oropharynx |
| Which of the following is not a true statement? | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax. |
| Which of the following does not distribute air? | alveolus |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar. |
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx? | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | tidal volume. |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions |
| Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea, and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure? | Biot’s breathing |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma. |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760mm Hg |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150ml |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: | expiration occurs. |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: | less than in the alveolar air. |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? | Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) |
| Which muscles are used for forced expiration? | Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as: | eupnea. |
| Which of the following would have the greatest accelerating effect on the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin? | Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2 |
| Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause: | decreased vital capacity. |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin. |
| Vital capacity is defined as the: | maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration. |
| The symbol HbNCOOH– is used for: | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure. |
| Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute? | The oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood. Alveolar ventilation. The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | less than in the systemic venous. equal to the systemic arterial |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 mmHG |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture a |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration. |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because the: | lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less. |
| A drop in the body’s production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of: | carbonic acid. |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversly:constant |
Created by:
cmartin0915