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CRChem2Ch21Vocab
Vocabulary for Chem 2, chapter 21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the binding energy of the nucleus divided by its number of nucleons | binding energy per nucleon |
| the numbers of nucleons that represent completed nuclear energy levels; 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126 | magic numbers |
| the difference between the Nass if ab tin and the sun if the masses if its particles | mass defect |
| the energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons | nuclear binding energy |
| a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom | nuclear reaction |
| states that nucleons exist in different energy levels or shells in the nucleus | nuclear shell model |
| term that collectively refers to the protons and neutrons making up an atomic nucleus | nucleons |
| term used to refer to an atom in nuclear chemistry; is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus | nuclide |
| a change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons | transmutation |
| consists of two protons and two neutrons bound together and emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay | alpha particle |
| bombardment of nuclei with charged and uncharged particles | artificial transmutation |
| an electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay | beta particle |
| nuclides produced by the decay of parent nuclides | daughter nuclides |
| a series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached | decay series |
| occurs when an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom | electron capture |
| high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state | gamma rays |
| the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay | half-life |
| electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay | nuclear radiation |
| the heaviest nuclide of each decay series | parent nuclide |
| a particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay | positron |
| the spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both | radioactive decay |
| elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei | transuranium elements |
| use exposure of film to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation | film badges |
| instruments that detect radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation | Geiger-Muller counters |
| unusable end materials produced by nuclear processes that contain radioisotopes | nuclear waste |
| the process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present | radioactive dating |
| radioactive atoms that are incorporated into substances so that movement of the substances can be followed by radiation detectors | radioactive tracers |
| a unit used to measure the dose of any type of ionizing radiation that doctors in the effect that the radiation has on human tissue | rem |
| a unit used to measure nuclear radiation exposure; it is equal to the amount of gamma and X ray radiation that produces 2 x 10^9 ion pairs when it passes through 1 cm^3 of dry air | roentgen |
| instruments that convert scintillating light to an electric signal for detecting radiation | scintillation counters |
| a reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction | chain reaction |
| neutron-absorbing rods that help control the reaction by limiting the number of free neutrons | control rods |
| the minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction | critical mass |
| used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission | moderator |
| a very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass | nuclear fission |
| low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus | nuclear fusion |
| use energy as heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy | nuclear power plant |
| use controlled fission chain reactions to produce energy and radioactive nuclides | nuclear reactors |
| radiation-absorbing material that is used to decrease exposure to radiation, especially gamma rays, from nuclear reactors | shielding |
| an unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay | radioactive nuclide |
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CRMissK
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