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ISSA
Applied Science 2-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| List levels of organization in the human body | Atoms, cells, tissues,organ,organ system, organism |
| list the prominent organ systems regarding human movement | Nervous, muscular and skeletal systems. |
| what is the nervous system? | The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for controlling the voluntary/involuntary functions of the body and mind. |
| what is a neuron or nerve cell? | Most fundamental component of the brain and nervous system. |
| list and define classifications of neurons | Sensory neurons are responsible for communicating tactile, visual and auditory information. Motor neurons initiate muscle contraction or activate glands. Inter-neurons are nerve cells that connect neurons to other neurons. |
| what are the lobes of the brain and their functions? | Frontal lobe is involved in motor control, emotion and language. Motor cortex plans and coordinates movement. Prefrontal cortex is responsible for high level thinking and language. Parietal Lobe is responsible for processing sensory information. |
| what are the lobes of the brain and their functions? | Temporal lobe is responsible for hearing memory and emotion. Occipital lobe is responsible for vision. |
| Name the two parts of the nervous system | Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. |
| Describe the central nervous system | Central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions. Spinal cord conducts signals to/from the brain. Controls reflex |
| Describe the peripheral nervous system | Consists of afferent and efferent neurons responsible for communication between the body and the brain. Sensory neurons (Afferent) send info from a stimulus to the CNS. Motor Neurons (Efferent) send info from CNS to muscle to generate movement. |
| What systems connect to motor neurons? | Somatic nervous controls voluntary movements. Sympathetic is responsible for fight or flight. Autonomic nervous controls involuntary responses. Parasympathetic is responsible for rest and digest. |
| Describe the 3 types of muscle tissue | Cardiac is striated/involuntary, makes up the wall of the heart. Smooth is smooth/ involuntary found in other organs such as those of the digestive system. Skeletal is most common, striated/ voluntary and fatigues easily. Attaches to the bone, all moving |
| Define Endomysium | The connective tissue covering each muscle fiber. |
| Define Epimysium | Fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds a muscle. |
| Define Fasciculi | Bundles of muscle fibers. |
| Define Perimysium | The connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers. |
| Define Tendons | A strong fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. |
| What is the sliding filament theory? | The interaction of actin and myosin that describes the process of muscle contraction. |
| What are muscles made of | Sacromeres, a unit of muscle tissue. |
| Describe muscle fibers | Type 1- slow twitch fibers, aerobic, good for endurance. Type 2- fast twitch, anaerobic, good for power. Type 2A- moderately fatigue. Type 2x - fast fatigue. |
| What is Proximal and Distal? | Proximal means closer to the mid line of the body while distal means further away from the mid line. |
| Name and describe each muscle | Parallel- fascicles run parallel to the axis of the muscles. (Sartorius) Fulsform- fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle. (Biceps Brachii) Convergent- fascicles spread over a braod area coverage at thick central tendon. (Pectoralis) |
| Name and describe each muscle | Multipennate- fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons. (Deltoid) Unipennate- facsicles are arranged on only one side of tendon. (Extensor Digitorum = Forearm) Bipennate- fascicles arrange on both sides of tendon. (Soleus=Calf) |
| List and define 3 muscle actions | Concentric- muscles shorten (upward movement in bicep curl) Eccentric- muscles lengthen (downward movement in curl) Isometric- joint angle and muscle length do not change. (Plank) |
| List and define muscle groups | Agonist- main muscle responsible for movement (biceps during curl) Synergist- plays secondary role in movement (Brachioradialis during curl) Antagonist- action directly opposite of agonist. ( Triceps during curl) |
| How many bones are in the skeletal system? | 206 Bones. 80 in the Axial system= skull spine and ribs. 126 in Appendicular system= 60 upper extremities, 60 lower extremities, 2 pelvic gurdle, 4 shoulder gurdle. |
| List and define 5 main categories of bones. | Flat Bones-curved surface and provide protection for internal organs (ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula). Short Bones-Small, cube shaped (carpals and tarsals, calcaneus). Long Bones- Long, cylindrical shaft provide structural support (tibia,humerus0 |
| List and define 5 main categories of bones. | Sesamoid Bones- small bones in the tendon of a musculotendinous joint (patella and flexor tendon of the foot and thumb). Irregular Bones- serve a variety of purposes; includes the bones of the spine (bones in the ischium and pubis0. |
| What is wolf's law? | Explanation for bone adaptations as a result of the loads placed on them. |
| Define joints | The point where two bones connect. |
| what are the 3 joint classifications? | Fibrous-fibrous connective tissue joining two bones that allow for very little movement. Cartilaginous- joints moderately movable joints made of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. Synovial- fluid fillled joints found that move against one another. |
| Define tendons | Tendons connect muscle to bone and serve as a mechanical bridge to transmit the force created by muscle contraction. |
| what does proprioception mean? | Receptors in the joints,muscles,and tendons help people know where their bodies are in space. |
| Define ligament | Ligaments are tough bands of connective tissue made of collagen and elastin connecting bone to bone. |
| what is an extrinsic ligament? | This type of ligament is located on the outside of a joint. An example is the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), which resists abnormal movement away from the midline, termed varus stress. |
| what is an intrinsic ligament? | The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are situated inside the knee joint to resist anterior and posterior (forward and backward) movement of the tibia, respectively. |
| what is capsular ligament? | The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a capsular ligament, so called because it is continuous with the joint capsule. It resists valgus stress at the knee by keeping the joint approximated. |
| Explain cartilage | Cartilage resists compressive forces, makes bones more resilient, and offers support and flexibility in some areas. There are no nerves or blood vessels in cartilage. |
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? | Hyaline- transparent, found on most joint surfaces and in the respiratory tract. Fibro- an elastic and tough tissue containing type I and type II collagen. Elastic- flexible cartilage present in the outer ear, inner ear, and epiglottis |
| Define the circulatory system | The heart, arteries and veins that act as a transport system. |
| what is the function of the arteries ? | Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues |
| what is the function of the veins ? | Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart to remove waste and pick up more oxygen |
| How many times does the heart beat a day, how many quarts of blood ? | The heart beats about 100,000 times per day. For every minute of work the heart pumps 5 to 6 quarts of blood around the body. |
| What is the function of the atrium? | one of the two upper cavities of the heart passing blood to the ventricles. |
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Littlestrength