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Biology 1408 Test 1
chapters 3 & 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| robert hooke | gave cells their name |
| cells | smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all necessary functions of life, including reproducing itself; 3D structure-chemical reactions take place inside cell |
| all organisms are made of | cells |
| cell theory | 1-all living organisms=made up of one or more cells 2-all cells arise from other pre-existing cells |
| cell membrane | outter skin or cell-made out of phospholipid bilayer |
| prokaryotic cell | 1st cell on earth; does not have a nucleus; its DNA simply resides in the middle of the cell-they have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA, cell wall, pili, flagellium |
| every cell on earth is either a... | eukaryote or prokaryote cell |
| eukaryote cell | have compartments in their cells- showed up about 1 billion yrs after prokaryote; have a central control structure called a nucleus, which contains the cell's DNA |
| endosymbiosis theory | chloroplasts & mitochondria=same size; both eurokayotes & prokaryotes are DNA; both divide splitting in half; have internal structures called ribosomes |
| eukaryotes vs. parkaryotes | eukaryotes=have nucleus/prokary=no nuc; eukaryotes have compartments, larger than prokaryote(10Xs bigger), cytoplasm have organelles unlike prokaryotes |
| pili, flagellum | hair; for movement |
| organelles | specialized structures eukaryotes carry in their cytoplasm- many of which are enclosed separately within their own lipid membranes |
| nucleus | a membrane-enclosed structure that contains linear strands of DNA |
| chloroplast | the organelle in plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs |
| mitochondrion | the organelle in plant and animals cells that converts the energy stored in food into a form usable by the cell |
| eukaryotes are _____ or _______ organisms consisting of cells w/ a nucleus that contains linear strands of genetic material (DNA). | single-celled OR multicellular |
| the cells also commonly have organelles throughout their ______; these organelles may have originated evolutionarily through _____ or _____ or both. | cytoplasm...endosymbiosis...invagination |
| intracellular fluid | inside the cell fluid |
| extracellular fluid | fluid outside the cell-ex: blood |
| interstitial fluid | fluid in between cell |
| hydrophilic heads extend towards... | intracellular and extracellular |
| plant cells have cell walls-animal cells.. | do not. |
| all cells are boarded by.. | plasma membranes-hold contents of cell in place, takes in food and nutrients, builds & exports molecules, absorbs & dissipates heat |
| phospholipids | the foundation of all plasma membranes is a layer of lipid molecules all packed together-these have what appear to be a head and 2 long tails |
| glycerol | the head of phosopholipids contain this- a small molecule that forms the head region of a triglyceride fat molecule |
| the head region is said to be _____ b/c it has an electrical charge. | polar (electrical charge) |
| molecules that can mix with water are.. | hydrophilic (water-loving) |
| the two tails of a phospholipid are long chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms..b/c they have no electrical charge, the carbon-hydrogen chains are.. | non-polar (no electrical charge) |
| when something is non-polar, it's going to be hydrophobic meaning.. | it does not mix well with water (fear of water) |
| phospholipid bilayers.. | hydroPHILIC heads-attracted to water, composed of a glycerol linked to phosphorus-containing molecule. hydroPHOBIC tails-not attracted to water, composed of carbon-hydorgen chains |
| molecules embedded within the plasma membrane help it.. | perform its functions |
| what determines whether a protein resides on the surface or extends through the bilayer? | its tertiary structure |
| transmembrane protein | penetrate right through the lipid bilayer, from one side to the other; have both hydrophobic/philic regions |
| surface protein | reside primarily on the inner or outer surface of the membrane |
| receptor proteins | bind to chemicals in the cell's external environment and, by doing so, regulate certain processes within the cell. cells in the heart have receptor proteins that bind to adrenaline. |
| recognition proteins | give each cell a "fingerprint" that makes it possible for the body's immune system (which fights off infections) to distinguish the cells that belong inside your body from those that are invaders & need to be attacked |
| transport proteins | are transmembrane proteins that help large and/or strongly charged molecules pass through the plasma membrane. they come in a variety of shapes & sizes, making it possible for a wide variety of molecules to be transported |
| enzymatic proteins (enzymes) | accelerate chemical reactions on the plasma membrane's surface (a variety of enzymatic proteins exist, with some accelerating reactions on the inside of the plasma membrane & others accelerating reactions on the outside of the plasma membrane) |
| other molecules found in plasma membrane other than protein | short, branched carb chains & cholestoral |
| fluid mosaic | a term that describes the structure of the plasma membrane, which is made up of several different types of molecules-proteins, lipids, carbs |
| proteins found in the plasma membrane enable it to carry out.. | most of its gatekeeping functions |
| the proteins in the plasma membrane act as _______, help molecules gain entry into & out of cell, and catalyze reactions onn the _____ & _____ cell surfaces | receptors...inner...outter |
| phospholipids that make up most of the plasma membrane, ________ is an important lipid in some membranes, especially fluidity. | cholestoral |
| faulty membranes can cause.. | disease |
| why do "beta blockers" reduce anxiety? | blocks receptor site on heart -blocks the adrenaline from getting to the heart |
| normal cell functioning can be disrupted when cell membranes-particularly the proteins embedded in them... | do not function properly. such malfunctions can cause health problems, such as cystic fibrosis. this can also have beneficial, therapeutic effcts-treatment of high blood pressure and anxiety |
| membrane surfaces have a "fingerprint" that identifies.. | the cell |
| The AIDS-causing virus, HIV, uses the molecular markers on plasma membrane to.. | infect an individual's cells. the most common transmissions= transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or breast milk from one to another |
| passive transport and the two types of it | when the molecular movement occurs spontaneously, without the input of energy; diffusion & osmosis |
| diffusion | passive transport in which a particle, called a solute, is dissolved in a gas or liquid (a solvent) and moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of lower concentration. (when solute moves across a membrane) even distribution of molecules |
| simple diffusion | diffusion of molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane that takes place w/o the assistance of other molecules; oxygen&carbon dioxide |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion of molecules through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane that takes place through a transport protein embedded in the membrane-most molecules can't get through plasma membranes on its own! |
| when solvents move from one concentration to another... | it's going DOWN its concentration gradient (it's diffusing) |
| for proper functioning, cells must acquire... | food molecules and/or other necessary materials from outside the cell |
| defects in transport proteins can.. | reduce facilitated diffusion or even bring it to a complete stop, w/ serious health consequences. many genetic diseases are the result of inherititing inncorrect genetic instructions for building transport proteins |
| cells must acquire necessary materials, such as food molecules, from.. | outside the cell |
| cells must remove metabolic waste molecules & molecules for.. | use elsewhere in the body. |
| osmosis | passive transport- simple diffusion of water across a membrane; this equalizes the water concentration inside & outside the cell |
| as water diffuses into the cell, the cell gets.. | larger |
| tonicity | when a cell is in a solution, this is used to describe the concentration of solutes outside the cell relative to that inside the cell |
| HYPERtonic solution | water diffuses (leaves) out of the cell; solute concentrations are higher in the extracellular fluid |
| HYPOtonic solution | water diffuses into cells; solute concentrations are lower in the extracellular fluid |
| isotonic solution | water movement is balanced (the concentration of solutes is the same inside & outside the cell); solute concentrations are balanced |
| how do laxatives relieve constipation? | milk of magnesia & magnesium salts..water moves via osmosis from the cells into the intestines |
| the direction of osmosis | is determined only by a difference in the total concentration of all the molecules dissolved in the water-it does not matter what the solutes are, only how many molecules of the solutes there are. |
| water molecules move across the membrane until the concentration of water inside & outside the cell is.. | equalized |
| in active transport, cells use energy to move.. | small molecules; molecules can't always move spontaneously & effortlessly in & out of cells-that's why there's active transport |
| primary active transport | 'direct effect'- uses energy directly from ATP to fuel the revolving door |
| secondary active transport | 'indirect effect' -many transporter proteins use an indirect method of fueling their activities rather than using energy released directly from ATP |
| proteins embedded in the plasma membrane act like motorized revolving doors to... | actively transport (pump) the molecules |
| HIV cells bound to C24 markers deep in the body, not the.. | skin |
| endocytosis & exocytosis are used for.. | bulk transport of particles |
| many molecules are just too big to get into a cell by... | passive or active transport |
| to absorb large particles (bacterial cells invading body), cells engulf them w/ their plasma membrane in a process called.. | endocytosis |
| when cells that manufacture molecules (such as digestive enzymes) for use elsewhere in the body, must get those molecules out of the cell, they often use the process of.. | endocytosis to do this. |
| three types of endocytosis.. | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated...all 3 involve the basic process of the plasma membrane oozing around an object that is outside the cell, surrounding it, forming a little pocket called a vesicle, & then pinching off the vesicle |
| phagocytosis | process by which relatively large particles are engulfed by cells. amoebas & other unicellular protists & white blood cells, use this to consume entire organisms |
| pinocytosis | "drink";process of cells taking in dissolved particles & liquids--just like phagocytosis but just a very small amount |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | receptor molecules on the surface of a cell sit waiting until the one type of molecule they recognize bumps into them. then they absorb & engulfs the molecules |
| faulty cell membranes are a primary cause of.. | cardiovascular disease |
| plasma membrane moves to surround the molecules or particles & forms a little vesicle that is pinched off inside the cell (_________) or fuses with the plasma membrane & dumps its contents outside the cell. (_______) | endocytosis, exocytosis |
| connections, called junctions, between cells hold them in place & enable them to.. | communicate w/ each other |
| tight junctions | form continuous, water-tight seals around cells & also hold cells in place. they prevent fluid flow between cells; they are important in the small intestine, where digestion occurs-the junctions force fluid to pass into the cells that line the intestine |
| desmosomes | spot weld or rivets that fasten cells together into strong sheets. they occur @ irregular intervals & function like fastened velco (very strong);found in muscle tissue, holding fibers together |
| gap junctions | pores surrounded by special proteins that form open channels between two cells; important mechanism for cell-to-cell communication |
| how can a lack of communication between cells lead to cancer? | contact inhibition & tumors..cancer cells keep dividing even after bumping up against another cell |
| contact inhibition | when normal cells generally stop dividing when they bump up against other cells |
| in multicellular organisms, most cells are.. | connected to other cells |
| connections can form a water-tight seal between cells (_____), can hold sheets of cells together while allowing fluid to pass between cells (_______), or can function like secret passageways, allowing movement of fluids (________) | tight junctions, desosomes, gap junctions |
| in most plants, the cells have anywhere from 1,000 to 100,000 microscopic tube-like channels, called.. | plasmodesmata-connecting the cells to each other & enabling communication & transport between them |
| the nucleus is the cell's genetic... | control center; it is the largest & most prominent organelle in most eukaryotic cells; directs most cellular activities by controlling which molecules are produced, and in what quantity. it is the storehouse for hereditary info |
| chromatin | 2nd prominent structure in nucleus (behind nuclear membrane); mass of long, thin fibers consisting of DNA w/ some proteins attached to it that keep it from getting impossibly tangled-useful during cell division-carry all heretidary info |
| nuclear membrane | surrounds the nucleus & separates it from the cytoplasm-consists of 2 bilayers, one on top of the other |
| nucleolus | third structure in nucleus; area near the center of it where subunits of ribosomes are made |
| cytoplasm & cytoskeleton- | the cell's internal environment, physical support, and movement |
| cytoskeleton | gives animal cells shape&support, controls the intracellular traffic low, serving as a series of tracks on which a variety organelles & molecules are guided across & around the inside of cell; enables cell movement |
| cilla | short projections that often occur in large numbers on a single cell |
| flagella (flagellum) | much longer than cilia-occur in many prokaryotes & single-celled eukaryotes-sperm are the only things that have flagellum-helps them move |
| cilia helps movement of mucus cells... | pushes mucus towards throat-bacteria out of body |
| cytocell | made from proteins |
| mitochondria | the cell's energy converters-most of ATP is made HERE. present in plant, animal, and every other eukaryotic cell;converts the energy contained in chemical bongs of carbs, fats, & proteins in food into carbon dioxide,water, & ATP |
| bag-within-a-bag structure (intermembrane space & the matrix) | region outside of bag (intermembrane space) and matrix-inside the inner plastic bag)-this provides a huge surface to perform chemical reactions |
| according to endosymbiosis, mitochondria may very well have.. | existed, billions of years ago, as separate single-celled bacteria-like organisms. they are similar to bacteria in size & shape, may have orginated when symbiotic bacteria took up permanent residence within other cells-mitochondria have own DNA |
| we all have more DNA from our _____s than our _____s | moms than our dads-moms give all mitochondria to child |
| lysosomes | round, membrane-enclosed, acid-filled vesicles that function as the cell's garbage disposals; filled w/ about 50 diff. digestive enzymes some of the enzymes break down lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids |
| with 50 different enzymes necessary for lysosomes to carry out their metabolic salvaging act.. | malfunctions sometimes occur-common genetic disorder=tay-sachs-the lysosomes cannot digest the certain type of lipid this disease develops-this makes the lysosome burst and chokes to death-eventually leading to the person's death |
| endoplasmic reticulum | organelles where the actual production & modification of biological molecules occurs; the site where cells build proteins & disarm toxins; takes up about 1/5 of cell's volume & is responsible for many of the fundamental functions of the cell |
| free ribosomes | float freely-make protein that stay inside cells |
| bound ribosomes | make cells that are transferred outside cell-bound to cell |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism-almost completely surrounds nucleus-covered by ribosomes |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | synthesizes lipids such as fatty acids, phospholipids, and steriods; detoxifies molecules such as alcohol, drugs, and metabolic waste products-liver cells are packed w/ huge amounts of smooth ER b/c the liver is the primary site for detoxifying harmful |
| chronic exposure to many drugs can induce a proliferation of... | smooth ER, mainly in liver, and the smooth ER's associated detoxification enzymes;this then increases tolerance to drugs, needing higher doses to have same effects |
| golgi apparatus | site where the cell processes products for delivery throughout the body-primarily proteins&lipids; also site for carb synthesis-flattened stack of membranes that are not interconnected |
| cell wall provides additional protection & support for... | plant cells. -structure that surrounds the plasma membrane;animal cells DO NOT have cell walls-it is made from POLYSACCHARIDES-in which cellulose is embedded |
| cell wall | provides plant cells with structual strength, gives the cell increased water resistance, provides some protection from insects & other animals that might eat plant parts |
| vacuoles | multipurpose storage sacs for cells-nutrient storage, waste management, predator deterrence, sexual reproduction, physical support for cell |
| chloroplasts are the plant cells power plant... | one of the most important organelles-found in all plants & eukaryottic cells-SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS-the conversion of light energy into chemical energy of food molecules, w/ oxygen as a by-product |
| stroma | fluid inside chloroplasts-contains some DNA & much protein-making machinery |
| each stack of choloplasts consists of numerous, interconnected littler flattened sacs called.. | thylakoids-where the light collecting for photosynthesis occurs |
| according to the endosymbiosis theory, the bacteria(chloroplasts) remained alive and rather than becoming a meal became... | the cell's meal ticket-providing food for the cell in exchange for protection |
| biofuels | fuels produced from plant & animal products-chain of carbon & hydrogen atoms |
| fossil fuels | most vehicles run on these-such as gasoline.-produced from decayed remains of ancient plant & animal modified over the course of millions of years by heat, pressure, & bacterial processes-chain of hydrogen & carbon atoms |
| animal fats & oils | contain chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms bound together-breaking these bonds releases large amounts of energy |
| the activities of living organisms are fueled by.. | breaking chemical bonds & harnessing the released energy |
| energy conversions | photosynthesis & cellular respiration; all life depends on capturing energy from the sun & converting it into a form that living organisms can use-processes into ATP |
| photosynthesis | plants capture energy from the sun & store it in the chemical bonds of sugars & other food molecules they make |
| cellular respiration | all living organisms release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules & use it to fuel their lives |
| energy | capacity to do work |
| kinetic energy | energy of moving objects-heat energy & light energy=kinetic |
| potential energy | stored energy-waiting/ready to use energy; a capacity to do work that results from the location or position of an object; concentration gradients & food=potential energy; |
| chemical energy | the storage of energy in chemical bonds-also a type of potential energy |
| first law of thermodynamics | states that energy can never be created nor destroyed-it can only change from one form to another. |
| second law of thermodynamics | states that every conversion of energy is not perfectly efficient and invariably includes the transformation of some energy into heat-heat is almost completely useless to the human body |
| as energy is captured & converted, the amount of energy available to do work.. | decreases |
| energy conversions | only about 1% of energy released by the sun that earth receives is captured & converted by plants |
| energy tax | everytime energy is converted from one form to another the conversion isn't perfectly efficient..some of the energy is always converted to the least usable form of kinetic energy-heat |
| energy is neither created nor destroyed but can.. | change forms |
| ATP molecules are like free-floating rechargeable batteries in.. | all living cells |
| how do cells directly fuel their chemical reactions? | none of the light energy from the sun can be used directly to fuel cellular work..first it must be captured in the bonds of a molecule called ATP. |
| cells temporarily store energy in the bonds of.. | ATP molecules |
| potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy & used to.. | fuel life-sustaining chemical reactions. |
| at other times, inputs of kinetic energy are converted to the potential energy of the.. | energy-rich but unstable bonds in the ATP molecule |
Created by:
stephparnell