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GIS, Census, Methods
Areas of Practice - AICP Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Information technology | Use of modern tools and techniques to develop, organize, and manipulate information |
| CADD - Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) | Describes physical object or location Relative coordinate systems vary Outputs include engineer drawing, blueprints, site drawings |
| Management Information Systems - MIS | Data that relates to management activities System designed for reporting on strategic, tacctical, operational conditions Data that describes an organizations performance Financial analysis, business reporting |
| Geographic Information Systems - GIS | Data that relates to phsycial locations (x,y,z) Data that describes a physical geographic feature System for displaying data relative to a physical location System designed for displaying large amounts of spatial dtaa Mapping, catrography |
| Ian McHarg | Mylar layers and suitability analysis |
| Network | Collection of computers that function collectively or communicate with one another |
| Telecommuting | Equipping workers with laptops, handheld computer to work remotely from other locations |
| Record | Set of data fields that describe an event |
| Knowledge worker | Worker that produces inofrmation |
| Graphical user interface (GUI) | Set of buttons, menus, tools to make a computer program easy or intuitive to use |
| B2B | Business to business communications |
| Polygon | Closed boundary around area with similar characteristics |
| Nodes | Point determining beginning or endpoint of a line |
| Attribute | Info about geographic feature |
| Elevation | Vertical distance of a point above or below reference surface like sea level |
| Datum | Specific known point on or in the earth that is used as a reference location for projections |
| Raster data | Digital image comprised of pixels whose edges have been given a geographic locations i.e. aerials, satellite imagery |
| Vector data | Comprised of points NOT pixels, lines, polygons with separate geospatial coordintes and computer stored attributes i.e. adresses, fire hydrants, museums, wells, shelters, rivers, census tracts, boundaries |
| Map scale | Ratio or relationship between distance or area on map and corredsponding distance or area on ground 1:100,000 means on unit of measure on map equals 100,000 same unit on earth |
| Basemap | Background orthorectified image that provides a point of refeerence map displaying aerial location |
| Resolution | Detail with which map depicts the location and shape of geographic features |
| Projection | Method by which curved surface of earth is portrayed on flat surface |
| Land Suitability Analysis | 1968, Ian McHarg's firm hired to find most suitable route for Richmond Parkway in NYC Overlayed transparent Mylar layers on a light table assessing overlapping factors affecting land use 1969, design with nature |
| Geocoding | GIS operation for converting street addresses into spatial dta displayed as feature on a map |
| Georeference | Aligning geographic data to a known coordinate system so it can be viewed, queried, and analyzed with other geographic data |
| Metadata | Data about data, provides GIS dataset including abstract descsribing the dataset, projection system |
| Purple (land use mapping) | Industry |
| Yellow (land use mapping) | Low density residential or residential |
| Brown (land use mapping) | High density residential |
| Red (land use mapping) | Commercial |
| Blue (land use mapping) | Institution |
| Green (land use mapping) | Recreation |
| Gray (land use mapping) | Utilities |
| Topology | Describes the spatial relationships between adjacent features |
| Geodatabase | Object oriented data models htat are stored in relationship database management system |
| Query | searching GIS data wihtout altering existing data |
| Location query | asking to display all commercial land use parcels less than 1 acre in size |
| Attribute query | asking to display or list all commercial parcels owned by John Smith |
| Boolean query | combining location and attribute information in query |
| Buffer | proximity function that creates polygon at a set distance surrounding a selected point, line, and polygon |
| Suitability analysis | GIS tool version of McHarg's land use suitability analysis allowing user to identify most suitable geographic site from a set of possible sites through applying weighted criteria to find best location |
| NHGIS | National Historical Geographic Information Systems |
| Metes and bounds | Method of describing land, real property, or real estate Applied in original 13 colonies that became the US |
| Public Land survey system | Surveying method used in the US to survey and spatially identify land parcels before designation of eventual ownership particularly for rural, wild, or undeveloped land |
| Township | Within each township there are 36 sections, each 1 square mile |
| 1 acre | 43,560 square feet |
| 1 foot | 12 inches |
| 1 mile | 5,280 |
| 1 square mile | Regular section of land 640 acres |
| 1 section | 1 mile x 1 mile 640 acres |
| 1 township | 6 miles x 6 miles 36 sections 36 square miles |
| 1 yard | 36 inches 3 feet |
| 1 square yard | 9 square feet |
| Slope | Rise / Run |
| Contour interval (CI) | Make sure all units are the same |
| Floor to area ratio (FAR) | Building area / lot area |
| Acre | American football field minus the end zones Roughly 208 feet on a side |
| Hectare | 2.5 times the size of an acre |
| Gross densiy | number of dwelling units for each acre of land, including areas devoted to streets, parks, sidewalks, other public right of ways |
| Net density | Number of dwelling units per acre of land in planned or actual use Dwelling units per acre excluding dedicated streets, parks, sidealks, other public facilities |
| 2000 Census | Short form - 100% Long Form - 1 in 6 households |
| 2010 Census | Short form - 100% Long form - discontinued |
| Short form questions | Number of persons in household Owned/Renters Each person: age, sex, hispanic origin, race, permanent or part time residents |
| American Community Survey (ACS) | Used in place of the long form Ongoing survey that provides data every year Age, sex, race, family, income, health insurance, educataion, veteran status, disabilities, where you work, where you live Measures changing social and economic charactersitics |
| Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) | Computer accessible files containing records for a sample of housing units, with information on the characteristics of each housing unit and the people in it |
| Census regions and divisions | 4 regions: West Midwest, Northeast, South 9 divisions: Pacific, Mountain, West North Central, East North Central, Mid-Atlantic, New England, West South Central, East South Central, South Atlantic |
| Standard hierarchy of census geographic entities | Nation, region, division, state, county, place, census tract, block group, census block |
| Metopolitan Statistical Area (MSA) | City with 50,000 or more population |
| Urbanized area | Denese, population of 50,000 or more geographic core of block groups or blocks have population of 1,000 or more |
| Blocks | Smallest unit of 100% tabulation data bounded by visible features and legal boundaries Average size is 100 people |
| Block groups | Series of blocks |
| Census tracts | 4,000 people |
| Mean center of population for US 1790-2010 | Midwest Plato Missouri in Kent County in 2010 |
| South shifting population (2010 census trends) | More than half of nation's population growth during the past decade |
| Browning of America (2010 census trends) | Nonwhites accounted for 85% of US net pop growth during past decade |
| Intermarriage increase | Marriage across racial and ethnic lines has doubled since 1980 |
| Graying of America | First baby boomer born in America turned 65 Silver tsunami 8,000 Americans will turn 65 every day over the next 5 years and will live longer than previous generations |
| Gender shift | Women hold half of all paid US jobs, own 40% of all business, and hold 43% of managerial positions |
| More grandpartent headed households | Number of children living in grandparent headed households Increased by 26% between 2001 and 2010 |
| 2000-2010 regional growth | Faster in South Second fastest in West |
| 1990-2000 regional growth | Faster in West Second fastest in South |
| Fastest growing state between 200-2010 | Nevada by 35% Only state that has maintained a growth rate of 25% or greater for the last 3 decades |
| State that declined between 2000-2010 | Michigan by 0.6% |
| State with highest numeric increase 2000-2010 | Texas Second: California Third: Florida |
| Fastest growing metro area | Palm Coast, Florida |
| Lost generation | 1890-1915 |
| Interbellum generation | 1901-1913 |
| Greatest generation | 1910-1924 |
| Silent generation | 1925-1945 |
| Baby boomer generation | 1946-1964 |
| Genertation X | 1965-1979 |
| Xennials (in between X and Y | 1975-1985 |
| Millennials, Gen Y | 1980-1994 |
| Gen Z | 1995-2012 |
| Gen Alpha | 2013-2025 |
| Dissimilarity Indices | Most commonly used measure of segregation between 2 groups Reflects relative distributions across neighborhoods within the same City 0 to 100 - total integration to total segregation |
| Inner ring suburbs | First and oldest belt of suburban neighborhoods surrounding the core Higher concentration of poverty than in the past |
| Population pyramids | 5 year increments Female on the right, male on the left |
| Linear method | Assumes growth is predictable based upon past trends Best used when historical population has nearly equal increments of growth per period studied Straight acsending line |
| Exponential curve | Assumes growth will occur at a constant rate Normally accurate for short projection periods Ascending curve |
| Modified exponential curve | Upper limi (buildout) of population is defined Assumes declining rate or percentage of growth as upper capacity is approached |
| Gompertz Growth Curve | Assumes growth begins slowly and increases momentum until it reaches the infleciton point then slows to increments of continuously decreasing rates S curve |
| Comparative method | Based upon past trends in different area |
| Ratio method | Assumes relationship between a local area and a larger area will remain constant |
| Shift share | Accounts for changes in population share over time |
| Constant share method | Smaller area's share is held constant at some historic level |
| Share of growth method | Uses the smaller area's share of population growth |
| Cohort component | Populcation change is function of natural increase and net migration Population cohorts are 5 year age ranges Pyramids in cohort survival |
| Trend extrapolations | Curves similar to population projection methodologies |
| Market share | Constant share assumes that local economy will grow at same rate as larger economy |
| Location quotient | Ratio of the proportion of local employment in one sector to a similar proportion in region, state, nation |
| Fiscal impact analysis | Determines whether a project will gnerate sufficient revenues to offset the cost of public services Evaluates overall financial implications to local governments of alternative patterns and densities of land development |
| Survey research | Method of collecting information by asking as set of pre-formulated questions in a predetermined sequence in a structured questionnaire to a sample of individuals drawn so as to be representative of defined population |
| Population | Group you want to generalize to |
| Sample | Subset of the population |
| Sampling | Collecting data on the entire population is not feasible, colect a sample and calculate sample statistics |
| Sample to population | In order to project the results of your survey on the population you must employ a method so that each person in the population has a measurable chance at selection |
| Sample size | Depends on statistical reliability needed |
| Diminishing returns | Sample of 10k is not twice as good as 5k Need to look at statistical significance tables to determine |
| Sampling error | Error expected in probability sampling |
| Probability sampling | Simple random - each individual has an equal chance of being selected for the sample Systematic - every xth individuals is selected from the list, starting at a randomly chosen point Stratified - population may |
| Sampling fram | Listing of the accessible population from which you will draw sample |
| Sample designs | Convenience sampling Only those who are accessible volunteer |
| Nominal scale | Assignment of number or symbols for the purpose of designating subclasses that represent unique characteristics |
| Ordinal scale | Assignment of numbers or symbols for purpose of identifying ordered relationship of some characteristic but having unspecified intervals |
| Interval scale | Assigning nubmer for the purpose of identifying ordered relations of some charactieristics ex. temperature |
| Ratio scale | Assignment of numbers for the purpose of identifying ordered relations of some characteristic |
| Discrete variable | Takes on finite number of values |
| Continuous variable | Where any number value can change into another in a given moment |
| Dichotomous variable | Fixed value throughout time |
| Histogram | Score by frequency |
| Mode | Most frequent score in a distribution |
| Mean | Sum of score divided by number of scores |
| Median | Midpoint in distribution |
| Range | Difference between highest and lowest score |
| Variance | Measure of how spread out distribution is |
| Standard deviation | Square root of the variance |
| Null hypothesis | Reverse of what the experimenter actually belives |
| Research hypothesis | Statement expressing relationships between phenomena |
| Dependent variable | Fact the researcher wants to explain |
| Independent variable | Variable used to explain the one that is dependent of casually prior to the dependent varible |
| Manipulation | When experimenter can intentionally create variations in independent variable |
| Confounding variable | Variables that may be responsible for differences between your conditions |
| Bias | Difference between expected value of an estimator and real value of the parameter |
| Probability sampling | Selected in such a way as to be representative of the population |
| Nonprobability samples | Less desirable than probability samples |
| Meta analysis | Refers to methods focused on contrasting and combing results from different studies |
| Big data | 90% of world's data has been produced in the last few years |
Created by:
rculley567