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Stack #35157
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is the heart located | Mediastinum |
| What is the sac that encloses the heart | Pericardium |
| What are the layers of the pericardium | Fibrous Pericardium, Parietal Pericardium, Visceral Pericardium |
| Outermost and heaviest layer of Pericardium | Fibrous Pericardium |
| Outer layer of serous membrane of Pericardium is | Parietal Pericardium |
| Inner layer of Pericardium also known as epicardium | Visceral Pericardium |
| Layers of heart wall | Epicardium - outer layer, Myocardium - thick muscle layer, Endocardium - innermost layer |
| Function of Endocardium | provides smooth easy flow for blood |
| Function of Myocardium | Pumps blood thru vessels |
| Function of Epicardium | Serous membrane, forms thin outermost layer of wall |
| What are the chambers of the heart | 2 Atria (blood receiving) and 2 Ventricles (pumps) |
| Valves of Heart | Tricuspid Valve, Pulmonary Valve, Bicuspid Valve, Aortic Valve |
| Other name of Tricuspid Valve | Right AV |
| Other name of Pulmonary Valve | Right Semilunar |
| Other names of Bicuspid Valve | Mitral or Left AV |
| Other name of Aortic Valve | Left Semilunar |
| Location of Tricuspid Valve | Between R Atrium & R Ventricle |
| Location of Pulmonary Valve | Between R Ventricle & Pulmonary Trunk |
| Location of Bicuspid Valve | Between Left Atrium & Left Ventricle |
| Location of Aortic Value | Between Left Ventricle & Aorta |
| What are the thin fibrous threads that help to prevent backflow of blood when heart beats | Chordae Tendineae |
| Partition that separates the chambers | Septum |
| Septum consists of | myocardium |
| Path of Blood thru Heart | Venous Return, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Aorta |
| Pulmonary Circulation is | Right sided event of heart to lungs |
| Systemic Circulation is | Left Sided event to body |
| Heart (Coronary) Circulation - Service to heart itself | Coronary Arteries, Veins, Sinus |
| Coronary Arteries function | L&R get blood to heart muscle when ventricle relaxes |
| Coronary Vein function | bring deoxygenated blood toward R. atrium |
| Coronary Sinus function | Deoxygenated blood collects here near inferior vena cava opening to R. Atrium |
| Cardiac Cycle | Systole, Diastole, Heart Sounds ("lub dup") |
| Systole is active phase which is the ____ _____ in upper chambers & ventricles | contraction phase |
| The rexalation phase of cardiac cycle is | Diatole |
| When valve closes it make what sound | Lub Dup |
| Cardiac Conduction System is | Specialized muscle cells in the heart. Distribute impulses in myocardium & coordinate events of cycle |
| Cells of Cardiac Conduction System | SA Node, Atrial Syncytium, AV Node, AV Bundle, Purkinje Fibers, Ventricular Syncytium |
| SA node is called ____ and ______ heartbeats | Pacemaker (initiates heartbeats) |
| Atria contracting together is called | Atrial Syncytium |
| AV Node function is | allows time for atria to contract & finish filing of ventricles before ventricles contract |
| AV Bundle (Bundle of His) function is | helps to carry message from SA node |
| Pukinje Fibers function | spread out signal to ventricles |
| Ventricular Syncytium is also known as | Conduction myofibers - coordinate contraction |
| What parasympathetic nerve supplys the heart | Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X) |
| Vagus Nerve function is | to slows the heart by acting on the SA & AV nodes. |
| Increase in heart rate contraction stimulates the ______ and _____ is what nervous system | SA & AV by Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Pressoreceptors (Baroreceptors) are located where and what do they do | In the neck region; monitor flow & pressure (Cardiac cycle) |
| Blood Vessels consist of | Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins |
| Name 3 layers of Artery | Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunical adventitia |
| Structure of Tunica intima is | Smooth lining with connective & elasic fibers |
| Structure of Tunica media is | thrickest smooth muscle layer |
| Structure of Tunical Adventitia is | connective tissue |
| Function of Arteries | Carry blood away from heart |
| ___________ carry blood from artery to capillary | Arterioles |
| Smallest blood vessels | Capillaries |
| What vessel connects arterial system to venous system | Capillaries |
| Structure of capillaries | thin walls - one cell layer of squamous epithelial cells |
| Function of capillaries | allow exchange of material between blood and tissues (i.e. gases, nutrients, metabolic waste |
| Vessel that connect the capillaries to the vein carrying deoxygenated blood back to heart | Venules |
| Structure of Veins | Three (3) layers thin smooth muscle layer |
| What are lumens | Central opening in organ or vessel |
| What do the valves do in the veins | prevent backflow of blood |
| Function of Veins | Carry blood back to the heart |
| Systolic pressure | Ventricular contraction phase |
| Diastolic pressure | Relaxation phase |
| Factors that influence blood pressure | Heart action, blood volume, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity(thickness) |
| Mechanisms which help Venous blood flow | Contraction of Skeletal muscles, valves in veins prevent back flow and breathing puts pressure on blood return |
| What arteries make up the Ascending Aorta | R and L Coronary arteries |
| What makes up the Aortic Arch | Brachiocephalic artery, L&R Carotid artery, Subclavian artery |
| What makes up the Descending Aorta | Thoracis Aorta, Abdominal Aorta, R&L common iliac arteries |
| What artery supplies the arm and head on R side | Brachiocephalic |
| What artery supplies the right upper extremity (arm) | Right Subclavian artery |
| What artery supplies the right side of neck, head and brain | Right Common Carotid artery |
| What artery supplies left side of head and neck | Left Common Carotid artery |
| What artery supplies the left upper extremity | Left Subclavian artery |
| What artery supplies blood to Shoulder & Arm | Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Ulnar, Radial |
| What artery supplies blood to Pelvis & Leg | Common Iliac, Internal & External iliac, Femoral, Popliteal, Anterior & Posterior Tibial |
| What Veins supply the Brain, Neck and Head | External and internal jugular |
| What veins supply the Arm and Shoulder | Deep - Radial, Ulnar, Brachial, Axillary, Superfical Veins-Basilic, Cephalic |
| What veins supply the Leg and Pelvis | Deep - Ant. Tibial, Post. Tibial, Popliteal, Femoral, Superficial - Great Saphenous (longest in body), Small Saphenous |
| From upper body, what veins drain into Superior Vena Cava | Subclavian, Brachiocephialic |
| From lower body, what veins drain into Inferior Vena Cava (pierces diaphragm) | Internal & External Iliac, Common Iliac |
| What does Hepatic Portal System do | Drains blood from capillaries in spleen, stomach, pancreas & intestine. |
| Portal System Delivery is thru what vein | Hepatic Portal Vein |
| What are the functions of blood | Transportation of Substances, Body Temperature Regulation, Aid Homeostasis, Protection |
| What are the bodies main defence cells | WBC's (Leukocytes |
| What is homeostasis | Systems working to maintain normal conditions |
| Blood is _______ tissue that contains ___, ____, and ______ _____ | connective, cells, fibers, ground substance |
| What does the blood compose of | Cellular Components (45%), plasma (55% |
| What is the liquid remaining after blood has clotted | Serum = Plasma minus fibrinogen |
| What is the other name for Red Blood Cells | Erythrocytes |
| What is structure of RBC's | biconcave disc, carries hemoglobin, enucleated, flexible elastic membrane |
| What is function of RBC's | Oxygen to tissues & recover carbon dioxide produced as waste |
| What gender has more RBC's | males |
| The other name for RBC production | Erythropoiesis |
| What are the formed elements of Blood | Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets/Thrombocytes |
| Where do Erythrocytes and Leukocytes orginally come from | Stem Cells |
| RBC development is found in | Red marrow bone within spongy bone. Flat bones most active |
| How do RBC's destruct | break apart |
| What is meant by Erythropoietin | Hormone stimulates red cell production (EPO) which is released from kidney due to decreased oxygen supply. |
| What is the function of Hemoglobin | Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood and also carries some carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs for elimination |
| There are two (2) types of Leukocytes | Granulocytes (granular cytoplasms), Agranulocytes (lack of) |
| Name the 3 Granulocytes | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| Name the 2 Agranulocytes | Monocytes, Lymphocytes |
| What is the function of Neutrophils 54-62% | Phagocytosis |
| What is the function of Eosinophls (1-3%) | Allergic reactions, defense against parasites |
| What is the function of Basophils (Less than 1%) | Allergic reactions, inflammatory reactions |
| What is the function of Lymphocytes (25 to 33%) | Immunity (T cells & B cells) |
| what is the function of Monocytes (3 to 9%) | Phagocytosis |
| Blood platelets are also called | Thrombocytes |
| What are blood platelets | Blood platelets are small cell fragments lacking nuclei. They are less than 1/2 size of RBC. |
| Function of blood platelets | Help close breaks in damaged blood vessels & form blood clots |
| Platelets develop from | large cells found in bone marrow called megakaryocytes |
| Name components of Blood Plasma | Plasma protein, nutrients, gases, non-protein substances, electrolytes, water (92%) |
| What protein helps to maintain blood's osmotic pressure | Albumins |
| What protein is involved in lipid transport & defense | Globulins |
| What protein is involved in blood clotting | Fibrinogen |
| What is Hemostasis | Stoppage of bleeding |
| Name the steps in Hemostasis | Blood Vessel Spasm, Platelet Plug Formation, Blood Coagulation |
| Final step in Blood clotting | Conversion of plasma protein called Fibrinogen into solid threads of Fibrin which form the clot |
| A clot in the vessel is what kind of clot | Thrombus |
| A traveling blood clot is | Embolus |
| Blood Type A can take from | A, O |
| Blood Type B can take from | B, O |
| Blood Type AB can take from | AB, A, B, O |
| Blood type O can take from | O |
| What are antigens | ID proteins on cell membrane. Determine blood type |
| What are antibodies | Special plasma proteins. They circulate in blood seeking out and identifying foreign antigens. |
| What plasma antibodies do you have if you are Type A | B |
| What plasma antibodies do you have if you are Type B | A |
| What plasma antibodies do you have if you are Type AB | None |
| What plasma antibodies do you have if you are Type O | A&B |
| RH is also known as | D antigen RH positive; lacking this protein is RH negative |
| What does the Lymphatic System regulate | Balance of fluid between blood & tissues by draining excess fluid back to bloodstream and aids body defenses by filtering particles from the returning fluid (lymph) and supporting activities of lymphocytes |
| There are two types of fluid in the Lymphatic System | Tissue Fluid, Lymph (once it has entered the system) |
| How is Lymph formed | From components of blood plasma |
| What is lymph composed of | blood plasma but much less protein |
| What is the function of Lymph | Helps to keep body & fluids clean of pathogens and antigens |
| State the lymph pathway | Capillaries to vessels to nodes to trunks & collecting ducts to R&L Subclavian veins |
| What aids the flow of Lymph | Muscular contraction & breathing |
| Flow of lymph is under what kind of pressure | LOW |
| Structure of lymph nodes | Small round mass; fibrous connective tissue capsule. |
| There are _______ in lymph vessels to prevent _____ ______ | valves, back flow |
| Upper extremity Lymph Nodes | Axillary, Cervical, Occiptal, Posterior auricular, Superclavicular |
| Lower extremity Lymph Nodes | Inguinal, Submandibular, Preauricular, Supratrochlear (inside elbow) |
| What is function of Lymph Nodes | Filter the lymph; lymphocytes divide & attack foreign organisms once it is drained from tissues |
| Where is the Thymus | In front of aorta & behind upper part of sterum |
| What drains into the Right Lymphatic Duct | Right side of head, neck and thorax and right upper extremity |
| What drains into the Left Lymphatic Duct (Thoracic Duct) | From all parts of body |
| What is function of Thymus | Immune system development before birth and 1st few months of infancy |
| Structure of Thymus | soft bi-lobed structure made of lymphatic tissue |
| What cells must mature before they perform their function in immune system | T cells (lymphocytes) |
| What effects T cell development | Growth hormone THYMOSIN |
| Where is the Spleen | Left Upper quadrant of abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm and behind the stomach |
| Structure of Spleen | Largest lymphatic organ; Sinuses (spaces) within spleen filled with blood filters |
| Function of Spleen | Cleanse blood of impurities by filtration and phagocytosis; destroys old, worn out red blood cells; produce red blood cells before birth; resovoir for blood (in case of hemorrhage) |
| MALT | Mucosal Associated Lymphatic Tissues |
| Other Lymphatic Tissue Site | Tonsils, Adenoids located in pharynx; Appendix, located in right lower abdominal quadrant; Peyer's Patches located throughout small intestines |
| What are the Non-specific defenses | Species Resistance, Mechanical Barriers, Chemical Barriers, Interferon, Phagocytosis |
| Species Resistant means | resistant of organ itself |
| Mechanical barriers must be undamaged in order to work | Skin, mucous membrane |
| Chemical barriers wash away microorganisms & contain acids, enzymes to destroy invaders | Tears, perspiration, saliva, digestive juices |
| Cells that interfere with virus to produce and spread | Interferon |
| Cell eating, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages | Phagocytosis |
| What is Inflammation | Body's effort to rid irritation or limit it |
| What causes Inflammation | Friction, fire, chemicals, x-rays, cuts & blows |
| Signs of Inflammation | Red (Tubor) Hot (Calor) Swollen (Tumor) Painful (Dolor) Loss of Function (Functio Laesa) |
| Stages of Inflammation | Blood vessels dilate, histamine releases; capillaries leak, more blood flows into area; white blood cells show up; fluid accumulation, fibroblasts show up to patch up maybe scar tissue |
| Function of Inflammation | Try to limit damage; Wall off injured area to prevent spreading; then it is attacked |
| What system is the specific defense system | Immune System |
| What cells are able to recognize and organize an attack against foreign substance | T & B Lymphocytes |
| Where do the T & B Cells originate | Stem cells Red bone marrow |
| How do T & B differ | T cells 80% originate in Thymus and become cell mediated |
| What does cell mediated mean | In thymus, T cell multiply and combine with foreign antigens and become sensitized and produce immunity |
| What are the best antigens | Proteins |
| What is the function of Antigen | stimulate the production of antibodies |
| Antibody mediated means | B cells make antibody then do their job |
| Lymphokines are | proteins that activate T cells and come from T helper cell |
| Immunoglobin is | substance produced in response to Antigen. Ab, Ig |
| Exposure to Antigens stimulates cells to multiply and produce large numbers of | Plasma cells |
| Plasma cells produce antibodies against antigen and release into blood providing immunity called | Humoral immunity |
| What are antibodies | Proteins secreted by plasma cells (B cells) in response to specific antigens. |
| IgG 75% | Found in blood, lymph, intestines |
| Function of IgG | Phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins, activates complement & confers passive immunity from mother to fetus |
| What is Complement | Group of non-specific proteins in blood |
| Actions of Complement | Coats foreign cells to help phagocytes engulf them; destroys cells by punching holes in plasma membranes; promotes inflammation by increasing capillary permeability; attracts phagocytes to area of inflammation |
| IgA 15% | Found in glandular secretions such as sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, and digestive juices |
| What does IgA do | Provides local protection in mucous membranes against bacteria and virus |
| IgM 5-10% | Found in blood and lymph |
| Function of IgM | First antibody to be secreted after infection; stimulates agglutination and activates complement |
| IgD < 1% | Located on surface of B cells |
| IgE < 0.1% | Located on Basophils |
| Function of IgE | Active in allergic reactions and parasitic infections |
| What are the types of Specific Immunity | Naturally Acquired Active; Artificially Acquired Active; Naturally Acquired Passive, Artificially Acquired Active |
| Naturally Acquired Active means | Occurs during infection. It is active because lymphocytes are activated by antigens on pathogen's surface |
| Artificially Acquired Passive means | Injecting or taking antigens by mouth. Takes time for T and B Cells to be activated but gives long lasting immunity. |
| Naturally Acquired Passive | Mother to child thru placenta or milk |
| Artificially Acquired Passive | Used during potential fatal diseases. Provides an instant response but only temporary as antibodies are not the body;s own so memory cells are not created. Example: Tentanus - injection of antitoxins given |
| Activation of T Cells are | Requires an Accessory Cell (macrophage); T Helper Cell - process can't happen without this; cytotoxic (killer) cell - destroys pathogens directly; Suppressor T cell - Limit immune response to prevent overactivity |
| Primary Immune Response | Action of Plasma cell clones |
| Secondary Immune Response | Memory cells |
| What do Endocrine glands do | Secrete their products directly into body fluids. Help to control body functions. Works with hormones |
| Exocrine glands are not part of endocrine system but what do they do | Secrete into ducts out to a body surface. |
| As a group, endocrine glands are concerned with the ______ of _____ _______. | regulation, metabolic processes. |
| What are hormones | organic substances secreted by a cell that have effect on functioning of another "target" cell. |
| Target cells have ________ to the _______ _______ | receptors, hormone, molecules |
| Hormones are ________ messengers | chemical |
| How does a hormone affect its target cells | Change a target cell's membrane (insulin changes), Cause a substance to be produced (Prolactin causes milk to be produced), change the target cell's rate of activy (thyroid sets thermostat) |
| What are the types of hormones | Nonsteriod Hormone, Steroid Hormone |
| Examples of Nonsteroid hormone | choleckystokinin, epinephrine, dopamine, insulin, norepinephrine (water soluble) |
| Examples of Steriod Hormone | Cortisol, Testosterone, Progesterone, Aldosterone (fat soluble) |
| What are the three (3) methods of Regulation of Hormonal Secretions | Nervous System Control (Neural), Control by another Endocrine Gland (Glandular), Measure the level of a particular substance (Humoral) |
| Examples of Nervous System Control (Neural) | Hypothalamus: releasing and inhibiting hormones |
| Examples of Control by another Endocrine Gland (Glandular) | TSH released by the anterior pituatary causing release of thyroid hormones |
| Example of Measuring the level of substance (Humoral) | ADH released by measurment of blood volume in kidneys |
| Example of Negative Feedback | Reverse direction, better for homeostasis, low insulin levels |
| Example of Postive Feedback | Oxytosin - hormone let down release breast milk, also uterine contractions during birth, clotting |
| Pituitary Gland is the _______ gland and controlled by __________ | Master, Hypothalamus |
| Pituitary gland has a _____ lobe and a _____ lobe | anterior (glandular tissue), posterior (nervous tissue) |
| Hypothalamus secretes _________ and _______ ________. Each releasing hormone stimulates production of a particular hormone by the _______ of the ______ _______ | releasing and inhibiting hormones, cells, anterior lobe |
| What are the Hormones of the Anterior | (blank) |
| Name the hormones from the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary | Growth (GH), Thyroid Stimulating (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH, Follicle Stimulating (FSH), Lutenizing (LH), Prolactin (PRL) |
| Name the hormones from the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | Antidiuretic (ADH), Oxytocin (OT) |
| Function of Growth Hormone (GH) | Causes cells to increase in size and divide and stimulates tissue growth |
| Function of (TSH) | Increases release of Thyroid hormones |
| Function of (ACTH) | Controls secretion of adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol-stress), aldosterone(salt), androgens(sex) |
| Function of (FSH) | stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles; stimulates maturation of sperm cells |
| Function of (LH) | stimulates ovulation, stimulates cells which make androgens(sex hormone) |
| Function of (PRL) | stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases the effect of LH (lutenizing) |
| Function of ADH Posterior Lobe | helps the body converve water by decreasing urine output |
| Function of OT Posterior Lobe | helps eject milk from breast, stimulates uterine contractions. |
| All Anterior Pituitary Hormones are regulated by ________ in a ________ ________ ________ | Hypothalamus, negative, feedback mechanism |
| Hormone releases by ______ ______ _____ are made by neurons that orginate in _________ | posterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus |
| Posterior Hormone secretes | Antidiuretic (ADH), Oxytocin (OT) |
| What hormone and what gland influences metabolic rate and lowers calcium circulating in blood | Thyroxine (T4) & Triodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin |
| Regulation of T4 and T3 | Glandular - thru gland |
| Regulation of Calcitronin | Humoral - thru blood |
| Location of Thyroid Gland | (blank) |
| Location of Parathyroid Gland | Posterior surface of thyroid. Four (4) pea sized glands, 2 each side |
| What hormone is located in the Parathyroid Gland | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Humoral |
| Function of PTH | raises blood calcium levels; tells kidney to hold on to calcium |
| Location of Adrenal Glands | Top of Kidneys |
| Structure of Adrenal Gland | Two (2) Separate Glands - Cortex (outer portion) & Medulla (Inner portion) |
| What are the hormones of the Cortex | Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid), Cortisol (glucocorticoid) |
| What is the function of Aldosterone | Retains sodium, retains H20, increases blood pressure and blood volume |
| Regulation of Aldosterone | Glandular and Humoral |
| What is function of Cortisol | controls blood sugar levels |
| Regulation of Cortisol | Neural and Humoral |
| Arenal Sex Hormones are located where | Cortex in Adrenal Glands (Androgens |
| What hormones have same effect as sympathetic nervous system | Hormones of Medulla but effects last 10 times longer |
| What are the hormones of the Medulla | Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine - Adrenaline and Nonadrenaline |
| Function of Epinephrine and Nor- | Stimulation of heart muscle - Stress response fight or flight |
| Location of Pancreas | (blank) |
| Function of Pancreas | Secretes digestive juices and hormones |
| Pancreas is both an ________ gland and an _______ gland | endocrine, exocrine |
| Structure of Pancreas | Islets of Langerhans Made of endocrine portion of pancreas |
| What are the names of the Endocrine Hormones | Glucagon, Insulin |
| What does Glucagon do | raises blood glucose levels |
| What does Insulin do | lowers blood glucose levels |
| Regulation of Glucagon | Humoral |
| Regulation of Insulin | Humoral |
| Glycogen is | stored sugar (in the liver) |
| Insulin is a | hormone |
| Glucagon is a | hormone |
| Glucose is | blood sugar |
| What are the other Endocrine Glands | Pineal Gland, Thymus Gland, Reproductive Glands |
| Where is the Pineal Gland | Posterior to midbrain connected to roof of 3rd ventricle |
| What is the hormone in the Pineal Gland | Melatonin |
| What is function of Melatonin | Involved in regulation of sleep/wake cycles |
| Regulation of Melatonin | Light levels and Neural |
| Location of Thymus Gland | Behind sternum, upper part of chest superior to heart |
| What is the hormone in Thymus Gland | Thymosin |
| Function of Thymosin | involved in maturation of T Lymphocytes |
| Regulation of Thymosin | Humoral (and Neural?) |
| What are the hormones in the Reproductive Glands | Ovaries and Testes |
| What do the Ovaries secrete | Estrogen and Progesterone |
| What do the Testes secrete | Testosterone |
Created by:
swreiki