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Force and Motion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| position | An objects location in space |
| motion | the change in position during a specific amount of time |
| rate | a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure |
| linear motion | where objects move along lines |
| displacement | the distance an object moves in a specific direction |
| scalar quantity | A scalar quantity is a physical quantity with only magnitudes, such as mass and electric charge |
| vector quantity | a vector quantity is a physical quantity that has both magnitudes and directions like force and weight |
| velocity vs. speed | velocity is a vector quantity, but speed is a scalar quantity |
| speed formula | s = d/t; where ‘s’ is the average speed, ‘t’ is time taken to travel the distance and ‘d’ is the distance traveled. |
| units for speed | meters per second (m/s) |
| instantaneous rate | a rate at some instant in time |
| average rate | a single rate applying to property at more than one location that is a weighted average of the individual rates applicable to each location |
| velocity formula | v = Δs/Δt |
| units for velocity | m/s |
| uniform motion | the motion of an object in which the object travels in a straight line and its velocity remains constant along that line as it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, irrespective of the duration of the time |
| delta | the standard mathematical symbol to represent a change in some quantity or difference in something |
| convenient scale | to build a set of numbers that are convenient for use by humans in counting or measuring |
| acceleration | the increase in the rate or speed of something |
| deceleration | the reduction in the rate or speed of something |
| acceleration formula | a = Δv/Δt |
| units for acceleration | meter per second per second (m/s2) |
| force | an influence tending to change the motion of a body or produce motion or stress in a stationary body. The magnitude of such an influence is often calculated by multiplying the mass of the body by its acceleration. |
| Newton's first law of motion | Newton's first law states that if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force. |
| law of inertia | law of inertia, also called Newton's first law, postulate in physics that, if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force |
| inertia | a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force |
| frictional forces | Frictional force is the opposing force that is created between two surfaces that try to move in the same direction or that try to move in opposite directions |
| static friction | a force that keeps an object at rest |
| kinetic friction | a force that acts between moving surfaces |
| rolling friction | occurs when a wheel, ball, or cylinder rolls freely over a surface |
| Newton's second law of motion | the time rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal in both magnitude and direction to the force imposed on it |
| force formula | F = ma |
| force units | newton (N) |
| Newton's third law of motion | when two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction |
| normal force | the force that surfaces exert to prevent solid objects from passing through each other |
| free body diagram | a diagram used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation |
| quantum mechanics | a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles |
| relativistic mechanics | mechanics compatible with special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR) |
| energy formula | P.E. = mgh |
| energy units | joules (J) |
| the four fundamental forces | the strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force, and the gravitational force |
| What does the universal law of gravity state? | two bodies in space pull on each other with a force proportional to their masses and the distance between them |
| force of gravity formula | force of gravity = mg, where m is the mass of the object and g is the acceleration of the object due to gravity. Since g is always 9.8 m/s^2, just multiply the object's mass by 9.8 and you'll get its force of gravity |
| gravity units | meters per second squared |
| inverse square law | the further you are from your light source, the more of that light will be lost |
| weight | the force exerted on the mass of a body by a gravitational field |
| free-fall acceleration | any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it, and acceleration due to gravity is always constant and downward |
| weight formula | w = mg |
| weight units | gram (g), kilogram (kg), ton (t) and gigaton (Gt) |
| electromagnetic force | The direction of magnetic flux produced by a permanent magnet is always from N-pole to S-pole |
| nucleons | a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom's mass number. |
| nuclear force | a force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms |
| strong nuclear force | holds together quarks, the fundamental particles that make up the protons and neutrons of the atomic nucleus, and further holds together protons and neutrons to form atomic nuclei |
| weak nuclear force | a fundamental force of nature that underlies some forms of radioactivity, governs the decay of unstable subatomic particles such as mesons, and initiates the nuclear fusion reaction that fuels the Sun |
| work | when force is applied over a distance |
| work formula | W = Fs |
| work units | joules (J) |
| machine | an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task |
| effort force | The force used to move an object over a distance |
| resistance force | a force, or the vector sum of numerous forces, whose direction is opposite to the motion of a body |
| inclined plane | a simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies |
| fulcrum | the point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots |
| lever | a movable bar that pivots on a fulcrum attached to a fixed point |
| fixed pulley | a pulley with its axis of rotation fixed in place |
| movable pulley | a pulley that can move up and down and is connected to a ceiling or another object by two lengths of the same rope |
| mechanical advantage | a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system |
| power | the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time |
| power formula | P = W/Δt |
| units for power | Watt (W) |
| efficiency | the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended or heat taken in |
| efficiency formula | Efficiency = useful power out ÷ total power in |
Created by:
Ben_Gariepy
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