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Topic 11-21

QuestionAnswer
11. Describe the shape and origin of glacial troughs, hanging troughs, and hanging trough waterfalls. a glacial trough is a U-shaped glacial valley. a hanging trough is a U-shaped tributary valley. a hanging trough waterfall is a river that has formed in the hanging troughs that plunge over a cliff.
12. How does erosion by continental glaciers differ from that by valley glaciers? a continental glacier grinds down the peaks and leaves them polished and rounded. valley glaciers sharpen mountain peaks by grinding away at their sides.
13. How do till deposits differ from outwash deposits? till deposits are unsorted and unstratified rock materials deposited by the ice found under a moving glacier or along its sides. outwash are deposits that are sorted and stratified, made by streams of glacial meltwater.
14. (a) What are recessional moraines? new end moraines that are formed behind the main one when the receding ice front stops in new places for any length of time.
(b) Why are end moraines usually broad and irregularly hilly? as an ice front moves with the seasons, deposits are spread over a broad belt in front of the glacier and no two parts of the ice front deposit the same amount of material.
(c) What is a terminal moraine? the end moraine marking a glacier's farthest advance.
(d) What are erratics? large glacial boulders that have been transported into an area that are in a moraine.
15. Describe the appearance and possible origin of drumlins. long, smooth, canoe-shaped hills made of till. probably formed when an advancing glacier ran over an earlier glacial moraine sweeping it into long strips.
16. (a) Describe an outwash plain. stratified, alluvial fan-shaped deposits in front of a terminal moraine, that overlap and form broad flat areas
(b) How are eskers formed? when a glacier melts, the deposits slump down at the sides and form long winding ridges.
17. (a) How are kames formed? when streams from the top of the glacier deposit their sediments at the ice margin or into lakes on the top of the ice.
(b) How are kettles formed? Moraine or outwash deposits bury large blocks of ice left as the glacier recede. Then, the ice melts, leaving the kettles.
(c) How do melting glaciers form deltas? As glacial streams empty into lakes, or beyond the ice front, deltas are formed.
18. Describe three types of lakes resulting from glaciation. Cirque lakes are formed when water fills the rock-floored cirque basins left by alpine glaciers. Kettle lakes form in the kettle holes of moraines and outwash plains. Moraine-dammed lakes are formed where river valleys are blocked by glacial moraines.
19. (a) What is a center of accumulation? where the ice and snow are the thickest during the Ice Age.
(b) Describe the extent of the ice sheets in North America during the last Ice Age. The Labrador center covered eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. The Keewatin center covered central Canada and the north central United States. The Cordilleran ice sheet covered the Canadian Rockies down to their foothills.
20. Identify the kind of evidence for the Ice Age found at the following locations.
(a) Long Island, New York, to Puget Sound, Washington terminal moraines and outwash plains
(b) Northern United States and Canada covered by drift, glacial boulders in glacial-till soils, exposed bedrock striated and polished, north-south valleys shaped into glacial troughs, east-west valleys partly filled with drift
(c) Rockies and Sierra Nevadas glacial marking high upon valley walls,
21. (a) List four pieces of evidence that must be considered to explain why Earth was cold enough to have an ice age. began about 1 million years ago, included four major advances of the ice sheets; warm interglacial periods after each advance; ice ages occurred from time to time; during last ice age, glaciers advanced & receded at the same time in both hemispheres.
(b) Describe some hypotheses about the cause of ice ages. amount of heat energy given off by sun changes; amount of energy reaching Earth might change due to volcanic dust in atmosphere; more of Earth's land lay above snow line during mountain building periods; former position of continents on Earth's surface
Created by: sml1494
 

 



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