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Intro to Organic
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are organic compounds? | Compounds which contain carbon. They may also have hydrogen, oxygen and other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur an phosphorus. |
| What are hydrocarbons? | Organic compounds which contain only hydrogen and carbon. |
| Some inorganic compounds also contain carbon. Name them. | carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, metal carbonates and metal hydrogencarbonates |
| How many pairs of electrons are shared in a single bond? | 1 |
| How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double bond? | 2 |
| How many pairs of electrons are shared in a triple bond? | 3 |
| What is a saturated compound? | An organic compound which contains only single bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. |
| What is an unsaturated compound? | An organic compound which contains at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms. |
| What are unbranched chains? | Chains of carbon which are continuous. An unbroken line can be drawn connecting all the carbons. |
| What are branched chains? | Chains of carbon which have projections off the main chain. More than one line would have to be drawn to connect all the carbons. |
| Define catenation | The ability of carbon atoms to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms forming long chains and rings. |
| Define functional group | A particular atom, group of atoms or bond between two carbon atoms within a molecule. It determines the chemical properties of the compound. |
| The two main parts of organic compounds | 1) hydrocarbon 2) functional group |
| Carbon-carbon single bond (alkane) functional group | C-C |
| Carbon-carbon double bond (alkene) functional group | C=C |
| Alkyne functional group | C triple bond C |
| Carboxyl group | COOH |
| Ester group | COO |
| Molecular formula shows | the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a compound e.g. butanoic acid : C4H8O2 |
| Fully displayed structural formula shows | the 2D diagram of how the atoms are arranged in one molecule of the compound |
| Condensed structural formula shows | the sequence and arrangement of atoms in one molecule of the compound without actually drawing the molecule e.g. butanoic acid: C3H7COOH |
| What is a homologous series? | A classification of compounds into groups based on the functional group which they contain. |
| State 5 characteristics of a homologous series. | All members have : 1) same functional group 2) same general formula 3) a -CH2- difference between adjacent members 4) similar chemical properties 5) same method of preparation |
| IUPAC stands for | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |
| List the prefixes used in nomenclature from 1 to 10. | meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec |
| General naming of alkanes | prefix + ane |
| General naming of alkenes | prefix + ene |
| General naming of alcohol (alkanol) | prefix + anol |
| General naming of carboxylic (alkanoic) acids | prefix + anoic acid |
| General formula for alkane | CnH2n+2 |
| General formula for alkene | CnH2n |
| General formula for alcohol | CnH2n+1OH |
| General formula for carboxylic acid | CnH2n+1COOH |
| C3H8 | propane |
| C3H6 | propene |
| C3H7OH | propanol |
| C2H5COOH | propanoic acid |
| Ethane | C2H6 |
| Ethene | C2H4 |
| Ethanol | C2H5OH |
| Ethanoic acid | CH3COOH |
| Define structural isomerism | The occurrence of two or more organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. |
| What are structural isomers? | Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Each structural isomer has a different name. |
| State the two ways in which structural isomers of straight chain molecules can be formed. | 1) By the chain becoming branched 2) By the position of the functional group changing. |
| What is the name of branches off from a straight chain? | alkyl groups; based on number of cabons e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl etc. NB. If more than one on the same branch , use prefixes e.g. 2,2 -dimethyl. If different branches are present, order them alphabetically e.g. 2-ethyl-2-methyl ... |
| Rule 1 in naming branched compounds. | Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and number the carbons so that the branch has the lowest number. |
| Rule 2 in naming branched compounds. | Determine the name of the side chain e.g. methyl, butyl, propyl etc |
| Rule 3 in naming branched compounds. | Determine the homologous series to which the compound belongs and the total number of carbon atoms in the longest chain. |
| Rule 4 in naming branched compounds. | Using rules 1 to3, write the name of the compound. NB. Use hyphen to separate number from words and comma to spearate number from number. |
Created by:
Ms. Kumar
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