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Intro to Organic

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

QuestionAnswer
What are organic compounds? Compounds which contain carbon. They may also have hydrogen, oxygen and other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur an phosphorus.
What are hydrocarbons? Organic compounds which contain only hydrogen and carbon.
Some inorganic compounds also contain carbon. Name them. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, metal carbonates and metal hydrogencarbonates
How many pairs of electrons are shared in a single bond? 1
How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double bond? 2
How many pairs of electrons are shared in a triple bond? 3
What is a saturated compound? An organic compound which contains only single bonds between adjacent carbon atoms.
What is an unsaturated compound? An organic compound which contains at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms.
What are unbranched chains? Chains of carbon which are continuous. An unbroken line can be drawn connecting all the carbons.
What are branched chains? Chains of carbon which have projections off the main chain. More than one line would have to be drawn to connect all the carbons.
Define catenation The ability of carbon atoms to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms forming long chains and rings.
Define functional group A particular atom, group of atoms or bond between two carbon atoms within a molecule. It determines the chemical properties of the compound.
The two main parts of organic compounds 1) hydrocarbon 2) functional group
Carbon-carbon single bond (alkane) functional group C-C
Carbon-carbon double bond (alkene) functional group C=C
Alkyne functional group C triple bond C
Carboxyl group COOH
Ester group COO
Molecular formula shows the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a compound e.g. butanoic acid : C4H8O2
Fully displayed structural formula shows the 2D diagram of how the atoms are arranged in one molecule of the compound
Condensed structural formula shows the sequence and arrangement of atoms in one molecule of the compound without actually drawing the molecule e.g. butanoic acid: C3H7COOH
What is a homologous series? A classification of compounds into groups based on the functional group which they contain.
State 5 characteristics of a homologous series. All members have : 1) same functional group 2) same general formula 3) a -CH2- difference between adjacent members 4) similar chemical properties 5) same method of preparation
IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
List the prefixes used in nomenclature from 1 to 10. meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
General naming of alkanes prefix + ane
General naming of alkenes prefix + ene
General naming of alcohol (alkanol) prefix + anol
General naming of carboxylic (alkanoic) acids prefix + anoic acid
General formula for alkane CnH2n+2
General formula for alkene CnH2n
General formula for alcohol CnH2n+1OH
General formula for carboxylic acid CnH2n+1COOH
C3H8 propane
C3H6 propene
C3H7OH propanol
C2H5COOH propanoic acid
Ethane C2H6
Ethene C2H4
Ethanol C2H5OH
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
Define structural isomerism The occurrence of two or more organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
What are structural isomers? Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Each structural isomer has a different name.
State the two ways in which structural isomers of straight chain molecules can be formed. 1) By the chain becoming branched 2) By the position of the functional group changing.
What is the name of branches off from a straight chain? alkyl groups; based on number of cabons e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl etc. NB. If more than one on the same branch , use prefixes e.g. 2,2 -dimethyl. If different branches are present, order them alphabetically e.g. 2-ethyl-2-methyl ...
Rule 1 in naming branched compounds. Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and number the carbons so that the branch has the lowest number.
Rule 2 in naming branched compounds. Determine the name of the side chain e.g. methyl, butyl, propyl etc
Rule 3 in naming branched compounds. Determine the homologous series to which the compound belongs and the total number of carbon atoms in the longest chain.
Rule 4 in naming branched compounds. Using rules 1 to3, write the name of the compound. NB. Use hyphen to separate number from words and comma to spearate number from number.
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