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Earth Science
Freshman Earth Science Chapter 8 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Earthquake | Is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy within the lithosphere. |
| Fault | A fracture in Earth along which movement has occurred. |
| Focus | The point within Earth where an earthquake originates. |
| Epicenter | The location on Earth's surface directly above the focus, or origin, of an earthquake. |
| What is the approximate number of major earthquakes that take place each year. | About 75 |
| Earth vibration caused by rapid energy release | Earthquake |
| Energy that radiates in all directions from the earthquake origin | Seismic waves |
| Fracture where movement has occurred | Fault |
| Surface location directly above where an earthquake originates | Epicenter |
| Location within Earth where an earthquake originates | Focus |
| True or False: It was not until after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was studied that the actual cause of earthquakes was understood. | True |
| The ______________ hypothesis states that when rocks are deformed, they bend and then break, releasing stored energy. | Elastic Rebound |
| True or False: Most earthquakes occur along, existing faults. | True |
| Small Earth movements that occur following a major earthquake. | Aftershocks |
| The ________________ is one of the most studied fault systems in the world. | San Andrea's |
| What is fault creep? | Slow, gradual movement along the fault. |
| Type of seismic wave that shakes particles at right angles to their direction of travel. | S Waves |
| What two types of measurements do scientists use to describe the size of earthquakes? | Intensity and Magnitude |
| Derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone. | Moment Magnitude Scale |
| Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram | Richter Scale |
| Measure of the size of seismic waves or amount of energy released at the earthquake source | Magnitude |
| Measure of the amount of earthquake shaking at a location based on damage | Intensity |
| What measurement do scientist today use for earthquakes? | Moment Magnitude |
| True or False: On a seismogram, the greater the interval is between the arrival of the first P wave and the first S wave, the greater the distance to the earthquake source. | True |
| True or False: You can use travel-time graphs from two seismographs to find the exact location of an earthquake epicenter. | False |
| True or False: Most earthquakes generate tsunamis. | False |
| During an earthquake, violent shaking can cause soil and rock on slopes to move, resulting in __________________. | Landslides |
| What is the structure that is least likely to be damaged in a major earthquake. | Reinforced steel-frame building |
| True or False: Methods used to make short-range earthquake predictions have not been successful. | True |
| True or False: Scientists are able to make accurate long-term earthquake predictions based on their understanding of how earthquakes occur. | False |
| What do scientist call an area along a fault where no earthquake activity has occurred for a long time? | Seismic Gap |
| Soft, weak rock near its melting point | Asthenosphere |
| Liquid iron-nickel alloy that generates Earth's magnetic field | Outer Core |
| Cool, rigid crust and uppermost mantle | Lithosphere |
| Solid iron-nickel alloy | Inner Core |
| The boundary called the ___________ separates the crust from the mantle. | Moho |
| Basaltic rock | Oceanic Crust |
| Granitic rock | Continental Crust |
| Similar to stony meteorites | Mantle |
| Similar to metallic meteorites | Core |
| ________________ that collide with Earth provide evidence of Earth's inner composition. | Meteorites |
| True or False: Until the late 1960s, scientist had only seismic evidence they could use to determine the composition of oceanic crust. | True |
| Lithosphere------- ___________-----------___________-------- Outer Core-------- _____________. | Asthenosphere; Lower Mantle; Inner Core |
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