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Physiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit urine contractions |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | hypothalmus |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | a state of relative constancy |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? Effector mechanism Transmitter Sensor Integrating center | transmitter |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: the body trying to maintain homeostasis. a negative feedback mechanism a positive feedback mechanism a and b | a and b |
| What is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | accelerate a change |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | Steroids |
| A _____ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons. | Free radical |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary structure |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | steroids |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | nitrogen |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds |
| DNA: | is a double helix strand of nuecleods |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? It contains ribose sugar. It contains adenine. It is composed of smaller molecules called nucleotides. All of the above are true of RNA. | All of the above are true |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | creatine phosphate |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? Structural and functional Chemical and functional Structural and chemical Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis | structural and functional |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: triglyceride phospholipid steroid both b and c | both b and c |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | glycogen |
| All of the following are examples of passive transport except: filtration. osmosis. endocytosis. dialysis. | endocytosis. |
| Phagocytosis is an example of: | endocytosis. |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | prophase |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | active transport |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is: | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | carrier mediated transport |
| If a sequence of nitrogen bases in nucleic acid were A-U-C-G-A, which of the following would be true about the nucleic acid? It contains deoxyribose sugar. It could be found only in the nucleus. It contains ribose sugar. Both A and B are true. | it contains ribose sugar |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | osmosis |
| A DNA molecule is characterized by all of the following except: double helix shape. obligatory base pairing. ribose sugar. phosphate groups. | ribose sugar |
| Transcription can be best described as the: degradation of tRNA. reading of mRNA codons by tRNA. replication of DNA. synthesis of mRNA. | synthesis of mRNA. |
| what term is synonymous with tumor? | neoplasm |
| Diffusion requires: a semipermeable membrane. a concentration gradient. ions. none of the above. | concentration gradient |
| Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called: | facilitated diffusion. |
| Which cells form the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood? | astrocytes |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | bones |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of smooth muscles? Having one nucleus per cell Having intercalated disks Composing the walls of the viscera Usually not being under voluntary control | Having intercalated disks |
| A tissue is | a group of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the skin? | synthesis of vitamin c |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| The area referred to as true skin is the: | the dermis |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | basale |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | mesenchyme. |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | connective |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? Copper Calcium Phosphorus Both A and B | calcium |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe. true or false | false |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | osteoclasts. |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone: levels off and maintains its composition, decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. increases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. decreases slowly because of chang | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. increases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. decreases slowly because of changes in diet. |
| A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the: | knee |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer | third |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle Hollow Composed of compact bone All of the above are characteristics of the diaphysis. | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle. | false |
| Which of the following is not dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood? Blood clotting Transmission of nerve impulses Contraction of cardiac muscle All of the above | all of the above |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the: | humerus |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | Cylindrical in shape |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: level of calcium in the blood increases amount of calcium in the bone increases level of the calcium in the blood decreases both b and c | both b and c |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: | in the diaphysis |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? | latent period |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | somatic motor nuerons |
| Which of the following is not a part of the neuromuscular junction? T-tubules Motor neuron Motor end plate All of the structures are part of the neuromuscular junction. | T-tubules |
| An example of a pivot joint is(are) the: head of the radius articulating with the ulna. first metacarpal articulating with the trapezium. humerus articulating with the scapula. interphalangeal joints. | head of the radius articulating with the ulna. |
| All of the following are noninflammatory joint disorders except: dislocation. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. osteoarthritis. All of the above are noninflammatory joint disorders. | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. |
| Endurance training is also known as: | aerobic training |
| White fibers are also called _____ fibers. | fast |
| The largest and most frequently injured joint is the: | knee |
| Cross-bridges are also called: | myosin heads |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | troponin |
| Moving a body part away from the medial plane of the body is called: | abduction |
| A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | multiaxial |
| Muscle contractions will continue as long as: | the calcium ions are attached to the tropinin |
| Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by: a relative lack of atp high levels of lactate failure of sodium pottasium pumps all of the above | all of the above |
| The opposite of dorsiflexion is: | plantar flexion |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? Sodium and potassium channels Potassium and/or chloride channels Sodium and chloride channels Only the sodium channels | Potassium and/or chloride channels |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? Nitric oxide Acetylcholine Carbon monoxide All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. | All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: the membrane potential moves immediately to a value of +30 mV. the sodium channels are inactivated. some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open. | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine nuerotransmitter |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released. |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | serotonin |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | 300 times faster |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? A small-diameter neuron without myelin A large-diameter neuron without myelin A large-diameter neuron with myelin A small-diameter neuron with myelin | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? cocaine imipramine phenelzine | phenelzine |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. membrane resting membrane local None of the above is correct. | local |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? Constriction of the bronchioles Decreased secretion of the pancreas Constriction of the urinary sphincters Dilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels | contriction of the bronchioles |
| The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. true or false | true |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | carries both sensory and motor fibers |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? | its a flexor reflex |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | temporal lobe |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division. |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla |
| The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance is the: | cerebellum. |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | willed movement |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? Production of hormones “Go between” of the psyche and the soma Appetite center Regulation of motor activity | regulation of motor activity |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | false |
| Which is the only plexus that contains fibers from the thoracic region of the spinal cord? Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral | brachial |
| The spinal tract that is located in the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord is the _____ tract. lateral corticospinal ventral spinothalamic dorsal corticospinal lateral spinothalamic | lateral corticospinal |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: preganglionic fibers are short and postganglionic fibers are long. preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone 1 estrogen 2 |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | ruffini corpuscles |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? Alpha fibers are associated with dull, aching pain. Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. Beta fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: touch. temperature. pain. all of the above. | all of the above |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? | It follows the all-or-none law. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | internal organs |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris. |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with: | smell |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long lasting |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: | cortisol |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. | acute |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation except prothrombin. thrombin. fibrinogen. fibrin. none of these | none of these |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is | hemodynamics. |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) | sphygmomanometer. |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis. |
| All of the following are true statements except: the right coronary artery is dominant in about 50% of all hearts. both atria receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries. | both atria receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation. |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa all of the above | all of the above |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | a lacteal |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells |
| The function of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | luid balance and immunity. |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | the spleen |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis. |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinel center |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigens epitopes fit into and bind to an antiegens molecule binding antigen-binding site |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis. |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | Hemoglobin |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of the gas in the mixture and |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | control of cell metabolism rate |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because the: | lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less. |
| Vital capacity is defined as the: | maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of lungs durng respiration |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. less than in the systemic venous greater than in the systemic venous equal to the systemic arterial Both A and C are correct. | both a and c |
| Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion? moistening the food changing the food from large to small intestine propelling food through the digestive tract | moistening the food |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: | secrtin |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport. |
| An end product of fat digestion is: | glycerol. |
| Rotavirus can cause what life-threatening condition in infants? | diahhrea |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: | Cholecystokinin |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: | vasoactive intestinal pepside |
| Hydrolysis refers to: breaking down a molecule of water to hydrogen and oxygen gas. using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. using water to build larger compounds from smaller ones. none of the above. | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: | breaking fats into small droplets. |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | the small intestine |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. | passively out of |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder. |
| What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid? | potassium |
| A decrease in blood pH below normal tends to: | stimulate increased repirations |
| Which of the following substances is released by the juxtaglomerular cells? | renin |
| testosterone is responsible for producing secondary sex characteristics | true |
| Water normally leaves the body through _____ exits. | four |
| Which of the following is not considered a “transcellular fluid”? Group of answer choices Lymph Cerebrospinal fluid The humors of the eye Joint fluid | lymph |
| Which of the following would have the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions? | ph 2 |
| What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid? | sodium |
| When the adrenal cortex is stimulated to increase its secretion of aldosterone, the first thing that happens is a(n): | increase in the kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium. |
| Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? | 20:01 |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| When the effective filtration pressure equals zero: | no net transfer of water occurs between blood and interstitial fluid. |
| Which of the following is not a method used for parenteral administration? | by mouth |
| The total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from _____ of its total weight. | 45-75 |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41. |
| The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the same as the: | postmenstrual phase |
| Which of the following is true of the essential organ in the reproductive system? It produces gametes. it is called testes in the male it is called gonand in both sexes all of the above are true | all of the above are true |
| Which of the following cells contain 46 chromosomes? Sperm cells Primary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes Spermatids | Primary spermatocytes |
| Which of the following statements is not true about the mechanism controlling lactation? The posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin. Prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands. All of the above statements are true | Prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands. |
| The female reproductive system differs from the male reproductive system in that it: produces gametes. provides protection for the developing offspring. provides nutrition to the developing offspring. does both B and C. | both b and c |
| Which of the following glands is not a paired accessory gland of the male reproductive system? Group of answer choices Prostate Seminal vesicle Bulbourethral gland Cowper gland | prostate |
| Which of the following functions is not usually associated with the uterus? Group of answer choices Menstruation Fertilization Gestation All of the above functions are associated with the uterus. | fertilization |
| Functional sterility results when the sperm count per milliliter falls below _____ million. | 25 |
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