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Music App Exam 5
Terms and Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| art song | A song set to a high-quality literary text, usually accompanied, and intended for concert performance. See also Lied and mélodie. |
| lied | German for "song"; most commonly associated with the art song of the nineteenth century, usually accompanied by piano. See also art song. |
| lieder | Plural of Lied. |
| song cycle | Group of songs that are unified musically or through their texts. |
| strophic form | Song structure in which the same music is repeated with every stanza (strophe) of the poem. |
| through-composed | Song structure that is composed from beginning to end, without repetitions of large sections. |
| melodie | An accompanied French art song of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; the French parallel to the German Lied. |
| program music | instrumental music endowed with literary or pictorial associations, especially popular in the nineteenth century. |
| absolute music | Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program. Also called pure music. |
| idee fixe | "Fixed idea"; term coined by Berlioz for a recurring musical idea that links different movements of a work. |
| thematic transformation | See thematic development in Chapter 29. |
| opera seria | tragic Italian opera. |
| opera buffa | Italian comic opera, sung throughout. |
| bel canto | "Beautiful singing"; elegant Italian vocal style characterized by florid melodic lines delivered by voices of great agility, smoothness, and purity of tone. |
| singspiel | Comic German drama with spoken dialogue; the immediate predecessor of Romantic German opera. |
| music drama | Wagner's term for his operas. |
| leitmotif | "Leading motive," or basic recurring theme, representing a person, object, or idea; widely used in Wagner's music dramas. |
| ballet | A dance form featuring a staged presentation of group or solo dancing with music, costumes, and scenery. |
| masque | English genre of aristocratic entertainment that combined vocal and instrumental music with poetry and dance, developed during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
| pas de deux | A dance for two, an established feature of classical ballet. |
| celesta | Percussion instrument resembling a miniature upright piano, with tuned metal plates struck by hammers that are operated by a keyboard. |
| post-Romanticism | A trend at the turn of the twentieth century in which nineteenth-century musical characteristics like chromatic harmony and expansive melodies are carried to the extreme. |
| exoticism | Musical style in which rhythms, melodies, or instruments evoke the color and atmosphere of far-off lands. |
| verismo | Operatic "realism," a style popular in Italy in the 1890s, which tried to bring naturalism into the lyric theater. |
| pentatonic scale | Five-note pattern used in some African, Far Eastern, and Native American musics; can also be found in Western music as an example of exoticism. See also gapped scale. |
| whole-tone scale | Scale pattern built entirely of whole-step intervals, common in music of the French Impressionist composers. |
| gapped scale | A scale that lacks some pitches of the seven-note diatonic scale; for example, a five-note (pentatonic) scale has gaps. |
| impressionism | A French movement developed by visual artists who favored vague, blurring images intended to capture an "impression" of the subject. Impressionism in music is characterized by exotic scales, rich orchestral tone color, and free rhythm. |
| ninth chord | Five-note chord spanning a ninth between its lowest and highest pitches. |
| What era was the Lied the most popular in? | Romantic Era |
| Where was the Lied music performed? | it was performed in homes and at concert halls(extremely popular) |
| Who were the main composers during the Romantic Era? | Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Clara Wieck Schumann |
| Who were two of the most favored poets during the time of the Romantic Era? | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) |
| What was the style of poetry during the Lied Romantic Era? | short, lyrical, and very personal with themes of love, longing, and beauty of nature |
| What was one of the prominent elements of the Romantic Era? | unity of expression: text and music. During this time, music enhanced meaning of poetry, subtle intensity |
| What are the two different types of Lieds? | strophic and through-composed |
| True or False. Strophic have the same melody every stanza. | True |
| What is modified strophic? | contains both features of strophic and through-composed |
| What was the main composer of the Lied? | Fran Schubert (1797-1828) |
| Where was Fran Schubert born? | Vienna |
| What career did Fran Schubert reject and in turn he struggled financially? | a career as a schoolteacher |
| What was Fran Schubert known for? | song writing and his melodic gift |
| What was the name of Fran Schubert's biggest fan group? | the Schubertiads: consisting of private gatherings of writers, artists, and musicians |
| True or False. The Schubertiads financially supported Fran Schubert. | True |
| What did Fran Schubert's music rise out of, and in turn embraced? | it rose out of the Classical Era and embraced Romantic styles |
| How many Lieder did Fran Schubert write? | over 600, including 9 symphonies, piano and chamber music, and choral music |
| Who wrote the Elfking? | Fran Schubert, wrote when he was 18 |
| What was the text of the Elfking by? | by Goethe |
| What ethnicity was Robert Schumann? | German |
| What did Robert Schumann study? | he studied law, and then plano with Friedrich Wieck |
| What was the style of music that Robert Schumann made? | The style of music that he made was very Romantic and Passionate. He had novel harmonic changes and driving rhythms. |
| How many Lieder did Robert Schumann make? | He made over 200 Lieder, several song cycles, four symphonies, and he also did piano music as well. |
| In regards to program music, who provided the program? | The composer would provide the program, therefore while the music was being conducted the people In the audience could follow along. |
| What was a major impact of Romantic Program Music? | It really did bring music closer to poetry, and even involved and included painting. |
| What was the ethnicity of Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) and what was he? | His ethnicity was French and he was a composer and conductor. |
| Who was the first great proponent of musical Romanticism in France? | Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) |
| What did Hector Berlioz leave medical school to study? | He left medical school to study music. |
| Who were some of the great influencers of Hector Berlioz? | Beethoven and Shakespeare |
| What was the musical style of Hector Berlioz described as? | His musical style was describes was intense, bold, and passionate. |
| Why was Hector Berlioz considered to be a master of orchestration? | Because he possessed daring originality, he was a bold innovator, and he had huge orchestras. |
| In the Symphonie fantastique composed by Hector Berlioz, how many movements were in this program? | This was a five-movement program symphony, which was different than most other symphonies at the time which was four. |
| What were the multi movement genres that Absolute Music was found in? | symphony, concerto, chamber music |
| What ethnicity was Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)? | He was a German composer and conductor. |
| Who mentored Johannes Brahms? | Robert and Clara Schumann mentored Johannes Brahms. |
| What type of style did Johannes Brahms have in regards to his music? | He was a traditionalist in terms of his style of music. He made absolute music in Classical forms. |
| At what age did Johannes start to compose symphonic works? | Johannes began to composed symphonic works at the age of 40. |
| What did Johannes Brahms' output of music consist of? | During his lifetime, Johannes Brahms put out 4 symphonies, 4 concertos, and had major contributions to chamber music and the piano. He also released 200 solo songs. |
| In Brahms: Symphony No. 3 in F Major, what was the format? | A-B-A |
| How does Brahms: Symphony No. 3 in F Major end? | It ends quietly with the last chord pizzicato strings. |
| Where were the distinct national styles during the Nineteenth-Century Opera Saturated Culture? | The 3 distinct national styles during. the Romantic Era were from the countries of Italy, Germany, and France. |
| What was the opera arrangement style marketed for the home during the Nineteenth-Century Opera Saturated Culture? | The marketed opera arrangement style for the home was piano four-hands. |
| What is the meaning of piano four-hands? | This term is referring to a duet. |
| What was the opera arrangement style marketed for the public during the Nineteenth-Century Opera Saturated Culture? | The market opera arrangement style for the public was wind band medleys. |
| During the nineteenth-Century opera, who were the prominent performers? | The prominent performers during this time were women opera singers using their natural voice. |
| Who was Jenny Lind? | She was a Swedish soprano and an international star. |
| What two styles of opera continued into the nineteenth century? | The two types of styles that continued into the nineteenth century were Opera Seria and Opera Buffa. |
| What does the Bel Canto style mean? | This style means beautiful singing. |
| What was Ginuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)? | He was an amazing Italian opera composer who lost his daughter, his baby son, and his wife in a 2 year span. |
| At what significant time period did Ginuseppe Verdi compose? | He composed during Italian liberation from Austrian Hapsburg rule. He also was considered to be a political/national hero and served one term in Italian Senate. |
| What historical figure greatly influenced Ginuseppe Verdi? | William Shakespeare |
| What did the style of Ginuseppe Verdi consist of? | His style consisted of appealing melodies, and included intense dramatic situations. |
| What did the overall output of Ginuseppe Verdi consist of? | During his lifespan, Ginuseppe Verdi composed 28 operas spanning entire career, vocal music, and Requiem Mass. |
| What piece did Ginuseppe Verdi compose that was very successful and is still performed today? | This piece is Rigoletto, which consists of profound emotion of lechery, deceit, and treachery. (Chapter 44) |
| Which country had a longer established opera tradition out of Germany and Italy? | Italy had a longer established opera. Germany only had a few different types of opera. |
| What was considered to be a predecessor of German Romantic opera? | Singspiel, which consisted of a light, comic drama with spoken dialogue. |
| What type of drama emerged in the early 1800s? | Melodrama emerged in the German musical theater. |
| What did melodrama consist of in the early 1800s? | This type of drama consisted of spoken dialogue, minimal singing, and was much more orchestral focused which helped to intensify the dramatic effect of the drama. |
| What was the ethnicity of Richard Wagner (1813-1883)? | Richard Wagner was a German composer/conductor who was born in Leipzig, Germany. |
| Who was considered to be the greatest figure in German opera? | Richard Wagner |
| At what age did Richard Wagner begin serious composition? | Richard Wagner began serious composition at the age of 23. |
| Why was it important to Richard Wagner to write his own librettos? | Writing his own librettos unifying music and drama allowed Richard Wagner to have control over the costumes, the set, and the music etc., which all came together to perform this complete work. This was very important to him. |
| What was the name of the theater that Richard Wagner had built? | The Festival Theater at Bayreuth |
| What does Gesamtkunstwerk mean? | This term refers to "total artwork", meaning all elements of artwork including music, drama, visual, and even natural and supernatural elements. |
| What does leitmotif mean? | This term refers to "leading motives, meaning there are/is a specific mean that could represent a person, emotion, idea, object etc. |
| What is the Ring of the Nibelung? | The ring consists of four consecutive music dramas performed in 4 nights consecutively that possesses cycles of betrayal of love, broken promises, magic spells, corruption, and rust of power. |
| What form of dance did Louis XIV love and make very popular in his court? | This form of dance was ballet. |
| In the eighteenth century, what form of dance became it's own independent art form? | This form of dance was ballet. |
| Who was Tchaikovsky? | He was a Russian man who was the son of a government official. At the age of 23, he entered Conservatory of St. Petersburg. |
| What did Tchaikovsky's output consist of? | During his career, he released 3 ballets, including "Swan Lake", "The Sleeping Beauty", and "The Nutcracker". He also released 8 operas, 7 symphonies, 4 concertos, chamber music, choral music, and numerous songs. |
| What type of structure does "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" have? | This piece has an A-B-A bouncy duple meter structure. It starts off with pizzicato strings, and closes with a loud pizzicato chord. |
| What type of structure does "Trepak" (Russian Dance) have? | This piece has an A-B-A motto vivace structure. This is a. very lively dance with a Tambourine featured. It also includes a descending melody with sforzandos (heavy accents), and ends with accelerando to end. |
| What was one of the biggest differences Post-Romanticism? | After the Romanticism Era, one of the biggest differences that occurred was the intensification of late Romanticism within Germany, Austria, and Italy. |
| Who were some major composers Post-Romanticism? | Giacomo Puccini, Richard Strauss, and Gustav Mahler. |
| What was the Verismo movement and who was the main voice of this movement? | This was a realism movement that spoke on real life subjects. The main voice of this movement was Giacomo Puccini. |
| What was the ethnicity of Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)? | This was an Italian composer who was the son of a church organist. While alive, he experienced early success followed by misfortune. |
| What was the major output of Giacomo Puccini? | During his career, this composer put out 12 operas, choral works, songs, orchestral, chamber, and solo piano works. |
| What composer wrote "Madame Butterfly"? | Giacomo Puccini |
| Impressionism was a movement in what country? | This was a movement in the country of France. Within this movement, there was an underlining fascination with divine color changes and how they drew in your eyes. This was an artsy era. |
| Who were some major artist during the impressionism era? | The major artist during this era consisted of Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Pierre-August Renoir. |
| During the late 1800s, what was the transition of sound that occurred? | During this time period, composers began to break traditions of dissonance and consonance, and only used dissonance. It was inspired by impressionist, Symbolist movements, and had a greater subtlety, expressive ambiguity. |
| What ethnicity was Claude Debussy (1862-1918)? | This was a very important French composer. |
| At what age did Claude Debussy go to the Paris Conservatory, and won the Prix de Rome? | This was at the age of 11 and 22. |
| What was Claude Debussy's best known orchestral work? | His best known work was considered to be "The Afternoon of a Faun". This piece also had an A-B-A structure. It opened with a flute melody and ended with a dissolving silence. |
Created by:
JefferyCWilliams