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Pharmacology
Autonomic Drugs Ch 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What purpose does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) serve? | functions as an automatic modulating system for many bodily functions |
| In the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the target organ is innervated by what neuron? | postganglionic efferent neuron. |
| In the organization of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), if a tissue receives both innervations, what will the response be? | the response will be equal to the sum of excitatory and inhibitory influences of the two divisions of the ANS |
| An afferent nerve is what type of fiber in in the autonomic nervous system? | sensory fiber |
| An efferent nerve is what type of fiber in the autonomic nervous system? | motor fiber |
| What are pathways innervating smooth muscles and glands called? | They are considered efferent pathways |
| Where do parasympathetic fibers originate? | in the nuclei of cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, and X) and sacral (S2-S4) segments of the spinal cord |
| The anatomy of what system contains long preganglionic nerves and short postganglionic nerves? | Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System (PANS) |
| The preganglionic fibers exit the spinal column to enter the sympathetic chain located along each side of the vertebral column in what system? | in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (SANS) |
| What occurs during a generalized discharge of the sympathetic nervous system? | glycogen breakdown |
| What system makes additional energy available for fight or flight? | The sympathetic system |
| Diarrhea, urination, and miosis are all effects of stimulation of what system? | the parasympathetic nervous system. |
| What neurotransmitter is released from a preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? | acetylcholine. |
| What is the neurotransmitter of the post-ganglionic nerve of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? | Norepinephrine |
| When the SANS is stimulated, the adrenal medulla releases what into the systemic circulation? | primarily epinephrine |
| When the SANS is stimulated, what releases epinephrine into systemic circulation? | the adrenal medulla |
| A combination of pralidoxime and atropine is used to treat an overdose of what? | cholinesterase inhibitors. |
| Which of the following agents is used in the treatment of an overdose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors? | Pralidoxime |
| The adverse reactions associated with what type of drugs are essentially extensions of their pharmacologic effects? | cholinergic |
| The acronym SLUD denotes adverse reactions associated with administration of what? | cholinergic agents. |
| Is hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism a relative contraindication or caution with the use of cholinergic agents? | Hyperthyroidism |
| What does SLUD stand for? | S= Salivation, L = Lacrimation, U = Urination, D = Defecation |
| Anticholinergic agents prevent the action of acetylcholine at what nerve endings? | postganglionic parasympathetic |
| What type of drug is Sarin? | anticholinesterase |
| Tertiary (ammonium) agents cross the blood-brain barrier better than what type of agents? | quaternary (ammonium) agents |
| Ipratropium is what type of drug that is found in an inhaler used to treat asthma? | an anticholinergic |
| What do anticholinergics do to esophageal and gastric motility? | increases it |
| Miosis and cycloplegia are pharmacologic effects associated with what type of drug? | cholinergic agents |
| What are the potential cardiac effects of anticholinergic agents? | bradycardia predominates with small doses and tachycardia with large doses |
| What are the direct effects of acetylcholine on the heart? | negative chronotropic and negative inotropic action. |
| What drug in large doses can produce vagal blockade, resulting in tachycardia? | anticholinergic agents |
| What is the objective of cholinergic drug therapy in the treatment of glaucoma? | reducing intraocular pressure |
| What category of an autonomic nervous system (ANS) drug can cause an acute rise in intraocular blood pressure in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma? | anticholinergic |
| What drug can be used in combination with levodopa for patients with Parkinson disease? | anticholinergic agents |
| What would be the best drug to treat xerostomia? | Pilocarpine |
| The post-synaptic tissue of the para-sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system can be differentiated from the pre-synaptic tissue by response to which chemical? | Muscarine |
| What type of agents will block the muscarinic receptors, but not the nicotinic receptors? | Anticholinergic agents |
| Where are Muscarinic receptors are found? | Central nervous system, Sympathetic nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system |
| What type of drug is Amphetamine? | indirect-acting sympathetic agonist |
| What type of fibers exit the spinal cord to enter the sympathetic chain on each side of the vertebral column? | Preganglionic fibers |
| Cell bodies that give origin to the preganglionic fibers of the SANS span what portion of the spinal cord? | from the thoracic (T1) to the lumbar (L2) portion of the spinal cord |
| What type of drugs are Isoproterenol, Norepinephrine, and epinephrine? | catecholamine |
| Sympathomimetic agents should be used with caution in patients with what conditions? | angina and hypertension |
| Sympathomimetic agents will stimulate salivary flow from which of the following salivary glands? | submandibular and sublingual |
| Which drug is used as an ingredient to produce methamphetamine? | Pseudoephedrine |
| Which drugs cause bronchodilation by binding to beta2 receptors? | Agents such as albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) |
| Which category of autonomic drug is used to treat attention-deficit disorder (ADD)? | adrenergic agent |
| Which drug is known to deplete endogenous norepinephrine? | Reserpine |
| What type of drugs cause vasoconstriction? | α-Adrenergic agonists |
| Patients pretreated with _α-adrenergic blocking____ agents are prone to what? | epinephrine reversal |
| Stimulation of β2-receptors results in what condition? | smooth-muscle relaxation. |
| How does isoproterenol work? | It increases heart rate because of a direct effect on the heart. Total peripheral resistance decreases dramatically. As a consequence, systolic blood pressure increases only slightly, and mean arterial pressure typically falls. |
| How does Atropine work? | It blocks the action of acetylcholine at the postganglionic endings in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) |
| An indirect-acting cholinergic agent that is classified as indirect acting and reversible is what drug? | Neostigmine |
| What type of drugs are capable of decreasing salivary flow for dental care? | anticholinergic drugs |
| What type of reactions can catecholamines create? | increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased vasoconstriction |
| A drug acting on the post-synaptic cleft of the parasympathetic nervous system has its action terminated by: | acetylcholinesterase |
| If a patient is taking a nonselective beta-blocking agent, what anesthetic agent do you need to be careful about administering? | epinephrine |
| Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system creates what pharmacological effects? | bronchodilation, increased gastric motility, increased salivary flow |
| Which nervous system is characterized by widespread response to stimulation? | sympathetic |
| Name some examples of catecholamine drugs | epinephrine, norepinephrine, levonordefrin |
| What effects will a beta-2 agonist create? | bronchodilation |
| For what condition would Levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid) be given to a patient? | hypothyroidism |
| What are some drugs that can be used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | sympathomimetics, anticholinergics, and Methylxanthines |
| What drugs need to be avoided in asthmatics taking theophylline? | erythromycin, carbamazepine, and aspirin |
| Antiemetics include drugs from what groups? | anticholinergics, antihistamines, and phenothiazines |
Created by:
BrendaAlberts