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Earth Science
Freshman Earth Science Chapter 5 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mechanical Weathering | Occurs when physical forces break rocks into smaller pieces without changing the rock mineral. |
| Frost Wedging | The mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices. |
| Talus | Which typically form at the base of steep, rocky slopes |
| Exfoliation | Type of weathering caused by reducing pressure on a rock surface allowing slabs of outer rock to break off in layers. |
| Chemical Weathering | The process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the removal and/or addition of elements. |
| Unloading | large mass of igneous rock may be exposed through uplift and erosion of over lying rocks. |
| Biological Activity | Activities of organism can cause mechanical weathering. |
| True or False: In nature, three physical processes are especially important causes of mechanical weathering: chemical reactions, spheroidal weathering, and presence of water. | False |
| What is true about mechanical weathering | Each piece of broken rock has the same characteristics as the original rock. In nature, three physical processes are especially important causes of mechanical weathering: frost wedging , unloading, and biological activity. |
| What is true about chemical weathering. | Water is the most important agent in chemical weathering. Chemical weathering converts granite to clay minerals and quartz grains. Chemical weathering can change the shape of a rock and its chemical composition. Spheroidal weathering. |
| True or False: Factors that affect rate of weathering are surface area, rock characteristics, and climate. | True |
| Two characteristics that affect rate of weathering are ___________ and ________________. | Climate Rock Characteristics |
| Pedalfer | Mostly forested areas of the eastern half of the United States |
| Pedocal | In drier western United States in areas that have grasses and brush vegetation. |
| Laterite | Hot, wet tropical areas |
| Regolith | Layer of rock and mineral fragments |
| Soil | Part of the regolith that supports growth of plants. |
| Humus | Decayed remains of organisms |
| True or False: Soil has four major components: mineral matter, humus, water, and air. | True |
| Humus is a source of ________________ and its increases soil's ability to ____________________. | Plant nutrients Retain Water |
| What is true about the functions that soil water serves in the soil. | Soil water provides the moisture needed for chemical reactions that sustain life. Soil water provides nutrients in a form that plants use in photosynthesis. |
| The most important factors in soil formation are ______, ________, ________,__________, and ___________. | Parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. |
| True or False: Human activities, such as farming, logging, and construction, have slowed down the amount of erosion that occurs today. | False |
| True or False: In many regions of the world, soil is eroding faster than it is being formed. | True |
| The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to ________ is called mass movement. | Gravity |
| What are the factors that commonly trigger mass movements? | Saturation of surface materials with water, Oversteeping of slopes, removal of vegetation, and earthquakes. |
| True or False: If the steepness of a slope exceeds the stable angle, mass movements become more likely. | True |
| Earthflow | A flow that moves relatively slowly- from about a millimeter per day to several meters per day |
| Slump | The downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface. |
| Mudflow | A quickly moving mass of material that contains large amounts of water |
| Rockfall | When rock or rock fragments fall freely through the air |
| Rockslide | Slides that include bedrock that move suddenly along a flat, inclined surface. |
| Process in which physical forces break rock into pieces without changing the composition. | Mechanical Weathering |
| Transformation of rock into one or more new compounds. | Chemical Weathering |
| Large piles of rock fragments at the base of cliffs. | Talus |
| Weathering process that causes rocks to lose their sharp edges and become rounded. | Spheroidal Weathering |
| Factors that affect the rate of weathering are surface area, rock characteristics, and climate. | True |
| Water is NOT the most important agent in chemical weathering. | True |
| Found in tropical areas. | Laterite |
| Found in temperate, wet areas | Pedalfer |
| Found in drier areas. | Pedocal |
| Layer of regolith that supports growth of plants. | Soil |
| Decayed remains of organisms. | Humus |
| Composed of clay transported from the layer above it. | B Horizon |
| Composed of partly decayed organic material mixed with minerals. | A Horizon |
| Slides that include bedrock that move suddenly along a flat, inclined surface. | Rockslide |
| A quickly moving mass of material that contains large amounts of water. | Mudflow |
| A flow that moves relatively slowly. | Earthflow |
| The downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface. | Slump |
| When rock or rock fragments fall freely through the air. | Rockfall |
| Transfer of rock and soil downslope due to ______________ is called mass movement. | Gravity |
| Creep is caused by ____________ and ______________. | Freezing and Thawing |
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