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A & P
practice Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physiology is the study of | processes that allow organisms to function |
| Mary spends her days at work using a microscope. She examines the properties of lining and glandular epithelia. Which one of the following words best describes Mary? | histology |
| A glycoprotein is | a chemical |
| A phospholipid is an example of organization at the ____ level. | chemical |
| The _____ system includes the skin. | integumentary |
| The ability to keep the internal environment fairly constant. | Homeostasis |
| A system that minimizes changes from a set point. | Negative feedback |
| Increase deviations from a normal state. | Positive feedback system |
| If an organ starts to experience low levels of oxygen, it can release chemicals that dilate local blood vessels. This brings more oxygen to the organ and is an example of | Negative feedback |
| The ___ of a cell separates the intracellular space from the extracellular space. | plasma membrane |
| About 20% of the lipids in the plasma membrane are___ | cholesterol molecules |
| A protein attached loosely to the surface of a plasma membrane is ___. | peripheral membrane protein |
| A ___ between two cells allows small molecules to move freely between the two cells. | gap junction |
| A mechanism of transport across a cellular membrane is considered passive if ____ | It does not require direct expenditure of energy by the cell. |
| The drug procaine(also known as Novocaine) blocks sodium (Na+) channels in plasma membranes. Given this information, a statment is most likely true about a cell bathed in a solution that contains Procaine. | Na+ will be unable to cross the membrane by facilitated diffusion. |
| Hydrostatic pressure forces particles through holes in the membraine. | filtration |
| One cell engulfs another cell. | phagocytosis |
| There are four main tissue tyupes in the human body. Epithelial and connective are two of the four tissue types. Name another tissue type. | muscle |
| Every specific type of tissue contains just one type of cell. true or false | False |
| Name the characteristics of epithelial tissue. | it consists mostly of cells. Epithelial cells are held together with specialized contacts. Epithelial tissue contains no blood vesssels. |
| Name the type of epithelial tissues. | |
| The basement membrane of an epithelium if found | between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue. |
| Extra strength is provided in the stratified squamous tissue of the skin by specialized cellular contacts called | Desmosomes |
| In the digest tract, the apical surface is lined with microvillie to aide in absorption. | Simple columnar epithelium |
| This tissue lines the external surface of the body, the mouth , and the esophagus. | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Bones, blood, and tendons areise form mesenchyme tissue. True or False | True |
| The proliferation of fibrous connective tissue at the site of an injury is called. | Fibrosis |
| A structure composed of two or more tissues is termed | organ |
| The visceral pleura | is the membrane lining surface of the lungs |
| The anatomical position is characterized by | thumbs pointing laterally, face pointing anteriorly, body standing upright |
| The " basic unit of life" is | the cell |
| A homeostatic imbalance is | the cause of most diseases |
| Characteristics of life | growth, responsiveness, reproduction |
| The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is termed | metabolism |
| a vertical plane through the body dividing it into right and left is termed | sagittal |
| The elbow is ___ to the wrist | proximal |
| The heart is ___ to the lungs | medial |
| What is the function of the serous membranes? | to reduce friction between internal organs |
| Histology is the study of | tissues |
| what can be found in cartilage but not bone tissue? | chondroitin |
| The most common type of exocrine gland is this type? | merocrine |
| Epithelia that consist of more than one layer of cell is termed | stratified |
| The matrix of connective tissue is composed of | fibers and ground substance |
| Small hair-like structures on the surface of some epithelial cells are termed | cilia |
| These cells are located in bone tissue | Osteocytes |
| The smallest holes in which some connective tissure cells reside are termed | Lucunae |
| Characteristics of Skelatal muscle tissue fibers are | voluntary , striated , multinucleate |
| suffixe that implies " growth" or "formation" | blast |
| A tissue viewed under the microscope displays cells in little holes, densely packed fibers and no blood bessels. This describes | fibrocartilage |
| The serous membrane lining the surface of the lung is the | visceralpleura |
| A unicellular gland that is typically found in mucosal epithelium. | goblet cell |
| These cells are primarliy responsible for the production of collagen and the amorphous ground substantce in loose connective tissue. | fibroblast |
| classify epithelia | number of cellsMorphology of the cells comprising the apical layer |
| A connective tissue derived from a B lymphocyte and is responisble for antibody production. | Plasma Cell |
| Describes a secretory process in which no cell membrane components or cytosolic contents are lost. | Merocrine |
| The nuclei of columnar cells are positioned nearer to the what? | underlying connective tissue |
| The most common type of gland is | merocrine |
| A photomicrograph of a tissue shows a cells in little holes, densely packed fibers and no blood vessels. This tissue is | Hyaline cartilage |
| The quickest tissue to heal after an injury. | Epithelium |
| Small depressions in which some connective tissue cells reside are known as | Lucunae |
| What is the odd tissue type? | biceps |
| In Psuedostratified columnar epithelium, where are do the cells always touch. | The basal lamina |
| Where does the Holocrine secretion occure in | sebaceous glands |
| The perietal pericardium is the | Most superficial layer of the serous membrane surrounding the heart. |
| In proper anatomical position, the thumbs point: | laterally |
| Hoeostasis is maintained primarliy via | Negative feedback mechanisms |
| A plane of the body that divides the eye into equal left and right sections is the | Parasagittal |
| The antebrachial region is ___ to the acromial region. | distal |
| The buccal region is ___ to the popliteal region. | Superior |
| The integumentary system is always _____ to the skeletal system. | Superficial |
| As the magnitude of the stimulus in a homeostatic feedback loop increases, the magnitude of the resulting error signal____ | Increases |
| 1. Production of a highly viscous secretion is most unlikely to obstruct which glands? | c. Pituitary gland |
| 2. After a person drinks a large quantity of water, what changes will occur in the person’s plasma osmolarity? | b. Osmolarity will decrease |
| Vasopressin, stimulates water reabsorption in the kidney preventing dehydration. The hormone is released when plasma osmolarity increases. it activates the kidneys to retain water and restore plasma osmolarity to the normal level. This is | a. Negative feedback |
| What kind of solution will cause a red blood placed in it to crenate | Hypertonic solution |
| most likely to be transported across the cell membrane by active transport | Sodium ions |
| 6. What homeostatic control component is responsible for the detecting changes in the environment | a. Receptor |
| The hormone oxytocin, which is released from the posterior pituitary, augments contractions of the uterus until the fetus is expelled. This effect is an example of | d. Positive feedback |
| Gaseous exchange in mammalian lungs is accomplished by: | a. Simple diffusionSimple diffusion |
| 9. The maintenance of a stable internal environment with relatively narrow limits is called? | Homeostasis |
| What level of strctural organization represents a group of cells working together to perform a common function? | Tissue |
| What membrane immediately encloses the heart? | Visceral pericardium |
| What system is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to the tissues | Cardiovascular |
| Homeostatic IMBALANCE has occurred when | When a person develops diabetes |
| a function performed by proteins found on the plasma membrane | a. Joining of adjacent cellsTransport of solutes |
| The molecular component of the cell membrane bilayer that possesses a hydrophilic (water loving) head and a hydrophobic (water hating) tail is | Phospholipid |
| Which of the following tissue repair processes produces scar tissue | Fibrosis |
| What type of tissue is found in a tendon? | Dense regular |
| 19. What type of epithelium is associated with hollow organs that hold fluids and are stretchable? | Transitional |
| 20. What tissue repair response mechanism launches specific and deadly attacks against invading pathogens? | Immune |
| 21. In which of the following body membranes would you find simple squamous epithelial tissue? | a. Mucousc. Serous |
| Intervertebral discs are made up of what type of tissue | b. Fibrocartilage |
| Special characteristics of epithelium include | a. Avascularityb. Connective tissue supportc. Polarityd. Cellularity |
| Which of the following indicates the proper sequence of tissue repair? | b. Tissue damage, blood clotting, scab formation, organization, fibrosis and regeneration |
| 26. Which of the following tissues is best associated with the immune system | c. Loose reticular connective tissue |
| What cell membrane structure will enable a white blood cell differentiate between a foreign cell and a normal body cell? | c. Glycoprotein |
| All transmembrane proteins are integral protein | a. True |
| The movement of solvent along a concentration gradient is | c. Osmosis |
| 33. What cell-to-cell contact is responsible for keeping gasctic acid confined to the stomach? | b. Tight junctions |
| melanocyte | a cell that produces melanin. |
| Inserstitial fluid | fluid between the cells |
| Organ system | A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function . eg. the nervous system |
| Organ | A part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function. |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| goblet cell | Individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus. |
| Sebaceous glands | epidermal glands that produces an oily secretion called sebum. |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfing of foreign solids cells. |
| Negative feedback | The most common of homeostatic control mechanisms. The output of the system shuts offf the original stimulus or reduces it's intensity. |
| Passive Tranport | Membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy(atp) e.g. diffusion, which is driven by kinetic energy. |
| The four primary types of tissues | epithelial, connective muscle, nervous |
| squamous | flat scalelike |
| Tissue | A group of similar specialized to perform a specific function. |
| Physiology | Study of function of living organisms |
| Intacellular fluid | Fluid within a cell |
| Positive feedback | Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial. |
| Melanin | Dark pigment formed by cells called melancytes; imparts color to skin and hair. |
| Dense regular | densely packed, parallel, often wavy collagenous fibers.Location:tendons , ligaments |
| Hair or pili | are flexible strands produced by hair follicles that consist largely of dead keratinized cells. |
| Ceruminous glands | are modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal. |
| Indentify the two layers of the dermis | Papillary- thin superficial is areolor connective tissue.Reticular- deeper accounts for 805% of thickness is dense irregular connective tissues. |
| Microvilli | Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithlial cell; increase the surface area for absorption. |
| Keratin | Fibrous protein found in the epidermis, hair, and nails that makes those structurres hard and water-repellent. |
| Exocrine glands | Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site. |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood. |
| Collagen fibers | The most abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue. |
| Elastic fibers | fibers formed the protein elastin, which gives a rubbery and resilient quality to the matrix of connective tissue. |
| reticular fibers | fine network of connecitve tissue fibers that form the internal supporting framework of lymphoid organs. |
| List the twelve organ system | Intequmentary ,skeletal, muscular , nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, reproductive, respiratory, digestive, urinary |
| Gross anatomy | study of stuff seen by the naked eye. |
| cytolgy | the study of cells |
| Desmosomes | cell junction composed of thickened plasma membranes joined by fillaments |
| Tight junctions | Area where plasma membraine of adjacent cells are fused. |
| Cholesterol | steroid found in animal fats as well as in most body tissues, made by the liver. |
| Hyaline Cartliage | The most abundant cartilage in the body , provides firem support |
| Elastic cartilage | Cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage. |
| Fibrocartilage | The compressible type of type cartilage; resistant to stretch. forms vetebral discs and knee joint cartilages. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Passive transport process used by certain molecules. Gucose and other simple sugars |
| Simple diffusion | the unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of lipid-soluable or very small particle. |
| gap junctions | A passageway between tow adajacent cells, formed by transmembrane protein called connexions. |
| extracellular fluid | Internal fuid located outside cells inculdes plasma and interstitial fluid. |
| Mast cell | Often found in CT adajacent to blood vessels. also secret heprin(anticoagulant) and Histamine which is a vasodilator. |
| macrophages | Large phagocytic cells that wander through connective tissue, where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles. |
| Areolar Tissue | loose arangement of collagenous and elastic fibers. Highly vascular , located under all epithelia |
| adipose tissue | Dominated adiposytes lare, empty- looking cells with thin margins. located sucutanous fat beneath the skin, breast, heart surface |
| Reticular tissue | the branching network of reticular fibers will form a scaffold-like framework for lyphatic organs. located spleen, thymus , lymphnodes |
| Dense Irregular tissue | densely packed, collagenous fibers running in random directions. located deeper portion of the dermis of the skin. |
| Hair follicles | Structiure with outer and inner root sheaths extending form the epidermis surfaces into the dermis and from which new hair develops. |
| sudoriferous gland | Epidermal gland that produces sweat. |
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Loterewl